Ame Ame provides a simple command-line interface API for Ruby¹. It can be used to provide both simple interfaces like that of ‹rm›² and complex ones like that of ‹git›³. It uses Ruby’s own classes, methods, and argument lists to provide an interface that is both simple to use from the command-line side and from the Ruby side. The provided command-line interface is flexible and follows commond standards for command-line processing. ¹ See http://ruby-lang.org/ ² See http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/rm.html ³ See http://git-scm.com/docs/ § Usage Let’s begin by looking at two examples, one where we mimic the POSIX¹ command-line interface to the ‹rm› command. Looking at the entry² in the standard, ‹rm› takes the following options: = -f. = Do not prompt for confirmation. = -i. = Prompt for confirmation. = -R. = Remove file hierarchies. = -r. = Equivalent to /-r/. It also takes the following arguments: = FILE. = A pathname or directory entry to be removed. And actually allows one or more of these /FILE/ arguments to be given. We also note that the ‹rm› command is described as a command to “remove directory entries”. ¹ See http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/contents.html ² See http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/rm.html Let’s turn this specification into one using Ame’s API. We begin by adding a flag for each of the options listed above: class Rm < Ame::Root flag 'f', '', false, 'Do not prompt for confirmation' flag 'i', '', nil, 'Prompt for confirmation' do |options| options['f'] = false end flag 'R', '', false, 'Remove file hierarchies' flag 'r', '', nil, 'Equivalent to -R' do |options| options['r'] = true end A flag¹ is a boolean option that doesn’t take an argument. Each flag gets a short and long name, where an empty name means that there’s no corresponding short or long name for the flag, a default value (true, false, or nil), and a description of what the flag does. Each flag can also optionally take a block that can do further processing. In this case we use this block to modify the Hash that maps option names to their values passed to the block to set other flags’ values than the ones that the block is associated with. As these flags (‘i’ and ‘r’) aren’t themselves of interest, their default values have been set to nil, which means that they won’t be included in the Hash that maps option names to their values when passed to the method. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#flag-class-method There are quite a few other kinds of options besides flags that can be defined using Ame, but flags are all that are required for this example. We’ll get to the other kinds in later examples. Next we add a “splus” argument. splus 'FILE', String, 'File to remove' A splus¹ argument is like a Ruby “splat”, that is, an Array argument at the end of the argument list to a method preceded by a star, except that a splus requires at least one argument. A splus argument gets a name for the argument (‹FILE›), the type of argument it represents (String), and a description. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#splus-class-method Then we add a description of the command (method) itself: description 'Remove directory entries' Descriptions¹ will be used in help output to assist the user in using the command. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#description-class-method Finally, we add the Ruby method that’ll implement the command (all preceding code included here for completeness): class Rm < Ame::Root version '1.0.0' flag 'f', '', false, 'Do not prompt for confirmation' flag 'i', '', nil, 'Prompt for confirmation' do |options| options['f'] = false end flag 'R', '', false, 'Remove file hierarchies' flag 'r', '', nil, 'Equivalent to -R' do |options| options['r'] = true end splus 'FILE', String, 'File to remove' description 'Remove directory entries' def rm(files, options = {}) require 'fileutils' FileUtils.send options['R'] ? :rm_r : :rm, [first] + rest, :force => options['f'] end end Actually, another bit of code was also added, namely version '1.0.0' This sets the version¹ String of the command. This information is used when the command is invoked with the “‹--version›” flag. This flag is automatically added, so you don’t need to add it yourself. Another flag, “‹--help›”, is also added automatically. When given, this flag’ll make Ame output usage information of the command. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#version-class-method To actually run the command, all you need to do is invoke Rm.process This’ll invoke the command using the command-line arguments stored in ‹ARGV›, but you can also specify other ones if you want to: Rm.process 'rm', %w[-r /tmp/*] The first argument to #process¹ is the name of the method to invoke, which defaults to ‹File.basename($0)›, and the second argument is an Array of Strings that should be processed as command-line arguments passed to the command. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#process-class-method If you’d store the complete ‹Rm› class defined above in a file called ‹rm› and add ‹#! /usr/bin/ruby -w› at the beginning and ‹Rm.process› at the end, you’d have a fully functional ‹rm› command (after making it executable). Let’s see it in action: % rm --help Usage: rm [OPTIONS]... FILE... Remove directory entries Arguments: FILE... File to remove Options: -R Remove file hierarchies -f Do not prompt for confirmation --help Display help for this method -i Prompt for confirmation -r Equivalent to -R --version Display version information % rm --version rm 1.0.0 Some commands are more complex than ‹rm›. For example, ‹git›¹ has a rather complex command-line interface. We won’t mimic it all here, but let’s introduce the rest of the Ame API using a fake ‹git› clone as an example. ¹ See http://git-scm.com/docs/ ‹Git› uses sub-commands to achieve most things. Implementing sub-commands with Ame is done using a “dispatch”. We’ll discuss dispatches in more detail later, but suffice it to say that a dispatch delegates processing to a child class that’ll handle the sub-command in question. We begin by defining our main ‹git› command using a class called ‹Git› under the ‹Git::CLI› namespace: module Git end class Git::CLI < Ame::Root version '1.0.0' class Git < Ame::Class description 'The stupid content tracker' def initialize; end We’re setting things up to use the ‹Git› class as a dispatch in the ‹Git::CLI› class. The description on the ‹initialize› method will be used as a description of the ‹git› dispatch command itself. Next, let’s add the ‹format-patch›¹ sub-command: description 'Prepare patches for e-mail submission' flag ?n, 'numbered', false, 'Name output in [PATCH n/m] format' flag ?N, 'no-numbered', nil, 'Name output in [PATCH] format' do |options| options['numbered'] = false end toggle ?s, 'signoff', false, 'Add Signed-off-by: line to the commit message' switch '', 'thread', 'STYLE', nil, Ame::Types::Enumeration[:shallow, :deep], 'Controls addition of In-Reply-To and References headers' flag '', 'no-thread', nil, 'Disables addition of In-Reply-To and Reference headers' do |options, _| options.delete 'thread' end option '', 'start-number', 'N', 1, 'Start numbering the patches at N instead of 1' multioption '', 'to', 'ADDRESS', String, 'Add a To: header to the email headers' optional 'SINCE', 'N/A', 'Generate patches for commits after SINCE' def format_patch(since = '', options = {}) p since, options end ¹ See http://git-scm.com/docs/git-format-patch/ We’re using quite a few new Ame commands here. Let’s look at each in turn: toggle ?s, 'signoff', false, 'Add Signed-off-by: line to the commit message' A “toggle”¹ is a flag that also has an inverse. Beyond the flags ‘s’ and “signoff”, the toggle also defines “no-signoff”, which will set “signoff” to false. This is useful if you want to support configuration files that set “signoff”’s default to true, but still allow it to be overridden on the command line. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#toggle-class-method When using the short form of a toggle (and flag and switch), multiple ones may be juxtaposed after the initial one. For example, “‹-sn›” is equivalent to “‹-s -n›” to “git format-patch›”. switch '', 'thread', 'STYLE', nil, Ame::Types::Enumeration[:shallow, :deep], 'Controls addition of In-Reply-To and References headers' A “switch”¹ is an option that takes an optional argument. This allows you to have separate defaults for when the switch isn’t present on the command line and for when it’s given without an argument. The third argument to a switch is the name of the argument. We’re also introducing a new concept here in ‹Ame::Types::Enumeration›. An enumeration² allows you to limit the allowed input to a set of Symbols. An enumeration also has a default value in the first item to its constructor (which is aliased as ‹.[]›). In this case, the “thread” switch defaults to nil, but, when given, will default to ‹:shallow› if no argument is given. If an argument is given it must be either “shallow” or “deep”. A switch isn’t required to take an enumeration as its argument default and can take any kind of default value for its argument that Ame knows how to handle. We’ll look at this in more detail later, but know that the type of the default value will be used to inform Ame how to parse a command-line argument into a Ruby value. An argument to a switch must be given, in this case, as “‹--thread=deep›” on the command line. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#switch-class-method ² See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Types/Enumeration/ option '', 'start-number', 'N', 1, 'Start numbering the patches at N instead of 1' An “option”¹ is an option that takes an argument. The argument must always be present and may be given, in this case, as “‹--start-number=2›” or “‹--start-number 2›” on the command line. For a short-form option, anything that follows the option is seen as an argument, so assuming that “start-number” also had a short name of ‘S’, “‹-S2›” would be equivalent to “‹-S 2›”, which would be equivalent to “‹--start-number 2›”. Note that “‹-snS2›” would still work as expected. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#option-class-method multioption '', 'to', 'ADDRESS', String, 'Add a To: header to the email headers' A “multioption”¹ is an option that takes an argument and may be repeated any number of times. Each argument will be added to an Array stored in the Hash that maps option names to their values. Instead of taking a default argument, it takes a type for the argument (String, in this case). Again, types are used to inform Ame how to parse command-line arguments into Ruby values. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#multioption-class-method optional 'SINCE', 'N/A', 'Generate patches for commits after SINCE' An “optional”¹ argument is an argument that isn’t required. If it’s not present on the command line it’ll get its default value (the String ‹'N/A'›, in this case). ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#optional-class-method We’ve now covered all kinds of options and one new kind of argument. There are three more types of argument (one that we’ve already seen and two new) that we’ll look into now: “argument”, “splat”, and “splus”. description 'Annotate file lines with commit information' argument 'FILE', String, 'File to annotate' def annotate(file) p file end An “argument”¹ is an argument that’s required. If it’s not present on the command line, an error will be raised (and by default reported to the terminal). As it’s required, it doesn’t take a default, but rather a type. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#argument-class-method description 'Add file contents to the index' splat 'PATHSPEC', String, 'Files to add content from' def add(paths) p paths end A “splat”¹ is an argument that’s not required, but may be given any number of times. The type of a splat is the type of one argument and the type of a splat as a whole is an Array of values of that type. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#splat-class-method description 'Display gitattributes information' splus 'PATHNAME', String, 'Files to list attributes of' def check_attr(paths) p paths end A “splus”¹ is an argument that’s required, but may also be given any number of times. The type of a splus is the type of one argument and the type of a splus as a whole is an Array of values of that type. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#splus-class-method Now that we’ve seen all kinds of options and arguments, let’s look on an additional tool at our disposal, the dispatch¹. class Remote < Ame::Class description 'Manage set of remote repositories' def initialize; end description 'Shows a list of existing remotes' flag 'v', 'verbose', false, 'Show remote URL after name' def list(options = {}) p options end description 'Adds a remote named NAME for the repository at URL' argument 'name', String, 'Name of the remote to add' argument 'url', String, 'URL to the repository of the remote to add' def add(name, url) p name, url end end ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#dispatch-class-method Here we’re defining a child class to Git::CLI::Git called “Remote” that doesn’t introduce anything new. Then we set up the dispatch: dispatch Remote, :default => 'list' This adds a method called “remote” to Git::CLI::Git that will dispatch processing of the command line to an instance of the Remote class when “‹git remote›” is seen on the command line. The “remote” method expects an argument that’ll be used to decide what sub-command to execute. Here we’ve specified that in the absence of such an argument, the “list” method should be invoked. We add the same kind of dispatch to Git under Git::CLI: dispatch Git and then we’re done. Here’s all the previous code in its entirety: module Git end class Git::CLI < Ame::Root version '1.0.0' class Git < Ame::Class description 'The stupid content tracker' def initialize; end description 'Prepare patches for e-mail submission' flag ?n, 'numbered', false, 'Name output in [PATCH n/m] format' flag ?N, 'no-numbered', nil, 'Name output in [PATCH] format' do |options| options['numbered'] = false end toggle ?s, 'signoff', false, 'Add Signed-off-by: line to the commit message' switch '', 'thread', 'STYLE', nil, Ame::Types::Enumeration[:shallow, :deep], 'Controls addition of In-Reply-To and References headers' flag '', 'no-thread', nil, 'Disables addition of In-Reply-To and Reference headers' do |options, _| options.delete 'thread' end option '', 'start-number', 'N', 1, 'Start numbering the patches at N instead of 1' multioption '', 'to', 'ADDRESS', String, 'Add a To: header to the email headers' optional 'SINCE', 'N/A', 'Generate patches for commits after SINCE' def format_patch(since = '', options = {}) p since, options end description 'Annotate file lines with commit information' argument 'FILE', String, 'File to annotate' def annotate(file) p file end description 'Add file contents to the index' splat 'PATHSPEC', String, 'Files to add content from' def add(paths) p paths end description 'Display gitattributes information' splus 'PATHNAME', String, 'Files to list attributes of' def check_attr(paths) p paths end class Remote < Ame::Class description 'Manage set of remote repositories' def initialize; end description 'Shows a list of existing remotes' flag 'v', 'verbose', false, 'Show remote URL after name' def list(options = {}) p options end description 'Adds a remote named NAME for the repository at URL' argument 'name', String, 'Name of the remote to add' argument 'url', String, 'URL to the repository of the remote to add' def add(name, url) p name, url end end dispatch Remote, :default => 'list' end dispatch Git end If we put this code in a file called “git” and add ‹#! /usr/bin/ruby -w› at the beginning and ‹Git::CLI.process› at the end, you’ll have a very incomplete git command-line interface on your hands. Let’s look at what some of its ‹--help› output looks like: % git --help Usage: git [OPTIONS]... METHOD [ARGUMENTS]... The stupid content tracker Arguments: METHOD Method to run [ARGUMENTS]... Arguments to pass to METHOD Options: --help Display help for this method --version Display version information Methods: add Add file contents to the index annotate Annotate file lines with commit information check-attr Display gitattributes information format-patch Prepare patches for e-mail submission remote Manage set of remote repositories % git format-patch --help Usage: git format-patch [OPTIONS]... [SINCE] Prepare patches for e-mail submission Arguments: [SINCE=N/A] Generate patches for commits after SINCE Options: -N, --no-numbered Name output in [PATCH] format --help Display help for this method -n, --numbered Name output in [PATCH n/m] format --no-thread Disables addition of In-Reply-To and Reference headers -s, --signoff Add Signed-off-by: line to the commit message --start-number=N Start numbering the patches at N instead of 1 --thread[=STYLE] Controls addition of In-Reply-To and References headers --to=ADDRESS* Add a To: header to the email headers % git remote --help Usage: git remote [OPTIONS]... [METHOD] [ARGUMENTS]... Manage set of remote repositories Arguments: [METHOD=list] Method to run [ARGUMENTS]... Arguments to pass to METHOD Options: --help Display help for this method Methods: add Adds a remote named NAME for the repository at URL list Shows a list of existing remotes § API The previous section gave an introduction to the whole user API in an informal and introductory way. For an indepth reference to the user API, see the {user API documentation}¹. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/ If you want to extend the API or use it in some way other than as a command-line-interface writer, see the {developer API documentation}¹. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/developer/Ame/ § Financing Currently, most of my time is spent at my day job and in my rather busy private life. Please motivate me to spend time on this piece of software by donating some of your money to this project. Yeah, I realize that requesting money to develop software is a bit, well, capitalistic of me. But please realize that I live in a capitalistic society and I need money to have other people give me the things that I need to continue living under the rules of said society. So, if you feel that this piece of software has helped you out enough to warrant a reward, please PayPal a donation to now@disu.se¹. Thanks! Your support won’t go unnoticed! ¹ Send a donation: https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_donations&business=now@disu.se&item_name=Ame § Reporting Bugs Please report any bugs that you encounter to the {issue tracker}¹. ¹ See https://github.com/now/ame/issues § Authors Nikolai Weibull wrote the code, the tests, the documentation, and this README. § Licensing Ame is free software: you may redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the {GNU Lesser General Public License, version 3}¹ or later², as published by the {Free Software Foundation}³. ¹ See http://disu.se/licenses/lgpl-3.0/ ² See http://gnu.org/licenses/ ³ See http://fsf.org/

# COM # COM is an object-oriented wrapper around WIN32OLE. COM makes it easy to add behavior to WIN32OLE objects, making them easier to work with from Ruby. ## Usage ## Using COM is rather straightforward. There’s basically four concepts to keep track of: 1. COM objects 2. Instantiable COM objects 3. COM events 4. COM errors Let’s look at each concept separately, using the following example as a base. module Word end class Word::Application < COM::Instantiable def without_interaction with_properties('displayalerts' => Word::WdAlertsNone){ yield } end def documents Word::Documents.new(com.documents) end def quit(saving = Word::WdDoNotSaveChanges, *args) com.quit saving, *args end end ### COM Objects ### A COM::Object is a wrapper around a COM object. It provides error specialization, which is discussed later and a few utility methods. You typically use it to wrap COM objects that are returned by COM methods. If we take the example given in the introduction, Word::Documents is a good candidate: class Word::Documents < COM::Object DefaultOpenOptions = { 'confirmconversions' => false, 'readonly' => true, 'addtorecentfiles' => false, 'visible' => false }.freeze def open(path, options = {}) options = DefaultOpenOptions.merge(options) options['filename'] = Pathname(path).to_com Word::Document.new(com.open(options)) end end Here we override the #open method to be a bit easier to use, providing sane defaults for COM interaction. Worth noting is the use of the #com method to access the actual COM object to invoke the #open method on it. Also note that Word::Document is also a COM::Object. COM::Object provides a convenience method called #with_properties, which is used in the #without_interaction method above. It lets you set properties on the COM::Object during the duration of a block, restoring them after it exits (successfully or with an error). ### Instantiable COM Objects ### Instantiable COM objects are COM objects that we can connect to and that can be created. The Word::Application object can, for example, be created. Instantiable COM objects should inherit from COM::Instantiable. Instantiable COM objects can be told what program ID to use, whether or not to allow connecting to an already running object, and to load its associated constants upon creation. The program ID is used to determine what instantiable COM object to connect to. By default the name of the COM::Instantiable class’ name is used, taking the last two double-colon-separated components and joining them with a dot. For Word::Application, the program ID is “Word.Application”. The program ID can be set by using the .program_id method: class IDontCare::ForConventions < COM::Instantiable program_id 'Word.Application' end The program ID can be accessed with the same method: Word::Application.program_id # ⇒ 'Word.Application' Connecting to an already running COM object is not done by default, but is sometimes desirable: the COM object might take a long time to create, or some common state needs to be accessed. If the default for a certain instantiable COM object should be to connect, this can be done using the .connect method: class Word::Application < COM::Instantiable connect end If no running COM object is available, then a new COM object will be created in its stead. Whether or not a class uses the connection method can be queried with the .connect? method: Word::Application.connect? # ⇒ true Whether or not to load constants associated with an instantiable COM object is set with the .constants method: class Word::Application < COM::Instantiable constants true end and can similarly be checked: Word::Application.constants? # ⇒ true Constants are loaded by default. When an instance of the instantiable COM object is created, a check is run to see if constants should be loaded and whether or not they already have been loaded. If they should be loaded and they haven’t already been loaded, they’re, you guessed it, loaded. The constants are added to the module containing the COM::Instantiable. Thus, for Word::Application, the Word module will contain all the constants. Whether or not the constants have already been loaded can be checked with .constants_loaded?: Word::Application.constants_loaded # ⇒ false That concludes the class-level methods. Let’s begin with the #connected? method among the instance-level methods. This method queries whether or not this instance connected to an already running COM object: Word::Application.new.connected? # ⇒ false This can be very important in determining how shutdown of a COM object should be done. If you connected to an already COM object it might be foolish to shut it down if someone else is using it. The #initialize method takes a couple of options: * connect: whether or not to connect to a running instance * constants: whether or not to load constants These options will, when given, override the class-level defaults. ### Events ### COM events are easily dealt with: class Word::Application < COM::Instantiable def initialize(options = {}) super @events = COM::Events.new(com, 'ApplicationEvents', 'OnQuit') end def quit(saving = Word::WdDoNotSaveChanges, *args) @events.observe('OnQuit', proc{ com.quit saving, *args }) do yield if block_given? end end end To tell you the truth this API sucks and will most likely be rewritten. The reason that it is the way it is is that WIN32OLE, which COM wraps, sucks. It’s event API is horrid and the implementation is buggy. It will keep every registered event block in memory for ever, freeing neither the blocks nor the COM objects that yield the events. ### Errors ### All errors generated by COM methods descend from COM::Error, except for those cases where a Ruby error already exists. The following HRESULT error codes are turned into Ruby errors: HRESULT Error Code | Error Class -------------------|------------ 0x80004001 | NotImplementedError 0x80020005 | TypeError 0x80020006 | NoMethodError 0x8002000e | ArgumentError 0x800401e4 | ArgumentError There are also a couple of other HRESULT error codes that are turned into more specific errors than COM::Error: HRESULT Error Code | Error Class -------------------|------------ 0x80020003 | MemberNotFoundError 0x800401e3 | OperationUnavailableError Finally, when a method results in any other error, a COM::MethodInvocationError will be raised, which can be queried for the specifics, specifically #message, #method, #server, #code, #hresult_code, and #hresult_message. ### Pathname ### The Pathname object receives an additional method, #to_com. This method is useful for when you want to pass a Pathname object to a COM method. Simply call #to_com to turn it into a String of the right encoding for COM: Word::Application.new.documents.open(Pathname('a.docx').to_com) # ⇒ Word::Document ## Installation ## Install COM with % gem install com ## License ## You may use, copy and redistribute this library under the same [terms][1] as Ruby itself. [1]: http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/LICENSE.txt ## Contributors ## * Nikolai Weibull

Inventory Inventory keeps track of the contents of your Ruby¹ projects. Such an inventory can be used to load the project, create gem specifications and gems, run unit tests, compile extensions, and verify that the project’s content is what you think it is. ¹ See http://ruby-lang.org/ § Usage Let’s begin by discussing the project structure that Inventory expects you to use. It’s pretty much exactly the same as the standard Ruby project structure¹: ├── README ├── Rakefile ├── lib │ ├── foo-1.0 │ │ ├── bar.rb │ │ └── version.rb │ └── foo-1.0.rb └── test └── unit ├── foo-1.0 │ ├── bar.rb │ └── version.rb └── foo-1.0.rb Here you see a simplified version of a project called “Foo”’s project structure. The only real difference from the standard is that the main entry point into the library is named “foo-1.0.rb” instead of “foo.rb” and that the root sub-directory of “lib” is similarly named “foo-1.0” instead of “foo”. The difference is the inclusion of the API version. This must be the major version of the project followed by a constant “.0”. The reason for this is that it allows concurrent installations of different major versions of the project and means that the wrong version will never accidentally be loaded with require. There’s a bigger difference in the content of the files. ‹Lib/foo-1.0/version.rb› will contain our inventory instead of a String: require 'inventory-1.0' class Foo Version = Foo.new(1, 4, 0){ authors{ author 'A. U. Thor', 'a.u.thor@example.org' } homepage 'http://example.org/' licenses{ license 'LGPLv3+', 'GNU Lesser General Public License, version 3 or later', 'http://www.gnu.org/licenses/' } def dependencies super + Dependencies.new{ development 'baz', 1, 3, 0 runtime 'goo', 2, 0, 0 optional 'roo-loo', 3, 0, 0, :feature =&gt; 'roo-loo' } end def package_libs %w[bar.rb] end } end We’re introducing quite a few concepts at once, and we’ll look into each in greater detail, but we begin by setting the ‹Version› constant to a new instance of an Inventory with major, minor, and patch version atoms 1, 4, and 0. Then we add a couple of dependencies and list the library files that are included in this project. The version numbers shouldn’t come as a surprise. These track the version of the API that we’re shipping using {semantic versioning}². They also allow the Inventory#to_s method to act as if you’d defined Version as ‹'1.4.0'›. Next follows information about the authors of the project, the project’s homepage, and the project’s licenses. Each author has a name and an email address. The homepage is simply a string URL. Licenses have an abbreviation, a name, and a URL where the license text can be found. We then extend the definition of ‹dependencies› by adding another set of dependencies to ‹super›. ‹Super› includes a dependency on the version of the inventory project that’s being used with this project, so you’ll never have to list that yourself. The other three dependencies are all of different kinds: development, runtime, and optional. A development dependency is one that’s required while developing the project, for example, a unit-testing framework, a documentation generator, and so on. Runtime dependencies are requirements of the project to be able to run, both during development and when installed. Finally, optional dependencies are runtime dependencies that may or may not be required during execution. The difference between runtime and optional is that the inventory won’t try to automatically load an optional dependency, instead leaving that up to you to do when and if it becomes necessary. By that logic, runtime dependencies will be automatically loaded, which is a good reason for having dependency information available at runtime. The version numbers of dependencies also use semantic versioning, but note that the patch atom is ignored unless the major atom is 0. You should always only depend on the major and minor atoms. As mentioned, runtime dependencies will be automatically loaded and the feature they try to load is based on the name of the dependency with a “-X.0” tacked on the end, where ‘X’ is the major version of the dependency. Sometimes, this isn’t correct, in which case the :feature option may be given to specify the name of the feature. You may also override other parts of a dependency by passing in a block to the dependency, much like we’re doing for inventories. The rest of an inventory will list the various files included in the project. This project only consists of one additional file to those that an inventory automatically include (Rakefile, README, the main entry point, and the version.rb file that defines the inventory itself), namely the library file ‹bar.rb›. Library files will be loaded automatically when the main entry point file loads the inventory. Library files that shouldn’t be loaded may be listed under a different heading, namely “additional_libs”. Both these sets of files will be used to generate a list of unit test files automatically, so each library file will have a corresponding unit test file in the inventory. We’ll discuss the different headings of an inventory in more detail later on. Now that we’ve written our inventory, let’s set it up so that it’s content gets loaded when our main entry point gets loaded. We add the following piece of code to ‹lib/foo-1.0.rb›: module Foo load File.expand_path('../foo-1.0/version.rb', __FILE__) Version.load end That’s all there’s to it. The inventory can also be used to great effect from a Rakefile using a separate project called Inventory-Rake³. Using it’ll give us tasks for cleaning up our project, compiling extensions, installing dependencies, installing and uninstalling the project itself, and creating and pushing distribution files to distribution points. require 'inventory-rake-1.0' load File.expand_path('../lib/foo-1.0/version.rb', __FILE__) Inventory::Rake::Tasks.define Foo::Version Inventory::Rake::Tasks.unless_installing_dependencies do require 'lookout-rake-3.0' Lookout::Rake::Tasks::Test.new end It’s ‹Inventory::Rake::Tasks.define› that does the heavy lifting. It takes our inventory and sets up the tasks mentioned above. As we want to be able to use our Rakefile to install our dependencies for us, the rest of the Rakefile is inside the conditional #unless_installing_dependencies, which, as the name certainly implies, executes its block unless the task being run is the one that installs our dependencies. This becomes relevant when we set up Travis⁴ integration next. The only conditional set-up we do in our Rakefile is creating our test task via Lookout-Rake⁵, which also uses our inventory to find the unit tests to run when executed. Travis integration is straightforward. Simply put before_script: - gem install inventory-rake -v '~&gt; VERSION' --no-rdoc --no-ri - rake gem:deps:install in the project’s ‹.travis.yml› file, replacing ‹VERSION› with the version of Inventory-Rake that you require. This’ll make sure that Travis installs all development, runtime, and optional dependencies that you’ve listed in your inventory before running any tests. You might also need to put env: - RUBYOPT=rubygems in your ‹.travis.yml› file, depending on how things are set up. ¹ Ruby project structure: http://guides.rubygems.org/make-your-own-gem/ ² Semantic versioning: http://semver.org/ ³ Inventory-Rake: http://disu.se/software/inventory-rake-1.0/ ⁴ Travis: http://travis-ci.org/ ⁵ Lookout-Rake: http://disu.se/software/lookout-rake-3.0/ § API If the guide above doesn’t provide you with all the answers you seek, you may refer to the API¹ for more answers. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/inventory-1.0/api/Inventory/ § Financing Currently, most of my time is spent at my day job and in my rather busy private life. Please motivate me to spend time on this piece of software by donating some of your money to this project. Yeah, I realize that requesting money to develop software is a bit, well, capitalistic of me. But please realize that I live in a capitalistic society and I need money to have other people give me the things that I need to continue living under the rules of said society. So, if you feel that this piece of software has helped you out enough to warrant a reward, please PayPal a donation to now@disu.se¹. Thanks! Your support won’t go unnoticed! ¹ Send a donation: https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_donations&amp;business=now@disu.se&amp;item_name=Inventory § Reporting Bugs Please report any bugs that you encounter to the {issue tracker}¹. ¹ See https://github.com/now/inventory/issues § Authors Nikolai Weibull wrote the code, the tests, the documentation, and this README. § Licensing Inventory is free software: you may redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the {GNU Lesser General Public License, version 3}¹ or later², as published by the {Free Software Foundation}³. ¹ See http://disu.se/licenses/lgpl-3.0/ ² See http://gnu.org/licenses/ ³ See http://fsf.org/

Inventory-Rake Inventory-Rake provides Rake¹ tasks for your Inventory². This includes tasks for cleaning up our project, compiling extensions, installing dependencies, installing and uninstalling the project itself, and creating and pushing distribution files to distribution points. ¹ See http://rake.rubyforge.org/ ² See http://disu.se/software/inventory-1.0/ § Installation Install Inventory-Rake with % gem install inventory-rake § Usage Include the following code in your ‹Rakefile›, where ‹Package› is the top-level module of your project: require 'inventory-rake-3.0' load File.expand_path('../lib/package/version.rb', __FILE__) Inventory::Rake::Tasks.define Package::Version Inventory::Rake::Tasks.unless_installing_dependencies do # Any additional tasks that your project’s dependencies provide end ‹Inventory::Rake::Tasks.define› does the heavy lifting. It takes our inventory and sets up the tasks mentioned above. We also do some additional customization of the gem specification. As we want to be able to use our Rakefile to install our dependencies for us, the rest of the Rakefile is inside the conditional #unless_installing_dependencies, which, as the name certainly implies, executes its block unless the task being run is the one that installs our dependencies. This becomes relevant if we want to, for example, set up Travis¹ integration. To do so, simply add before_script: - gem install inventory-rake -v '~&gt; VERSION' --no-rdoc --no-ri - rake gem:deps:install to your ‹.travis.yml› file. This’ll make sure that Travis installs all development, runtime, and optional dependencies that you’ve listed in your inventory before running any tests. There’s more information in the {API documentation}² that you’ll likely want to read up on if anything is unclear. ¹ See http://travis-ci.org/ ² See http://disu.se/software/inventory-rake-1.0/api/Inventory/Rake/ § Tasks The tasks that are created if you use Inventory-Rake are: = check. = Check that the package meets its expectations. = mostlyclean. = Delete targets built by rake that are ofter rebuilt. = clean. = Delete targets built by rake; depends on mostlyclean. = distclean. = Delete all files not meant for distribution; depends on clean. = compile. = Compile all extensions; depends on each compile:name. = compile:name. = Compile extension /name/; depends on lib/path/so file. = lib/path/so. = Installed dynamic library of extension /name/ inside inventory path; depends on ext/name/so. = ext/name/so. = Dynamic library of extension /name/; depends on ext/name/Makefile and the source files of the extension. = ext/name/Makefile. = Makefile for extension /name/; depends on inventory path, ext/name/extconf.rb file, and ext/name/depend file. Will be created by extconf.rb, which may take options from environment variable name#upcase_EXTCONF_OPTIONS or ‹EXTCONF_OPTIONS› if defined. = clean:name. = Clean files built for extension /name/; depended upon by clean. = spec. = Create specifications; depends on gem:spec. = gem:spec. = Create gem specification; depends on gemspec. = gemspec (file). = Gem specification file; depends on Rakefile, README, and inventory path. = dist. = Create files for distribution; depends on gem:dist. = gem:dist. = Create gem for distribution; depends on inventory:check and gem file. = inventory:check. = Check that the inventory is correct by looking for files not listed in the inventory that match the pattern and for files listed in the inventory that don’t exist; depends on distclean. = gem (file). = Gem file; depends on files included in gem. = dist:check. = Check files before distribution; depends on dist and gem:dist:check. = gem:dist:check. = Check gem before distribution; depends on gem:dist. = deps:install. = Install dependencies on the local system; depends on gem:deps:install. = gem:deps:install. = Install dependencies in ruby gem directory. = deps:install:user. = Install dependencies for the current user; depends on gem:deps:install:user. = gem:deps:install:user. = Install dependencies in the user gem directory. = install. = Install distribution files on the local system; depends on gem:install. = gem:install. = Install gem in ruby gem directory; depends on gem:dist. = install:user. = Install distribution files for the current user; depends on gem:install:user. = gem:install:user. = Install gem in the user gem directory. = uninstall. = Delete all files installed on the local system. = gem:uninstall. = Uninstall gem from ruby gem directory. = uninstall:user. = Delete all files installed for current user. = gem:uninstall:user. = Uninstall gem from ruby gem directory. = push. = Push distribution files to distribution hubs. = gem:push. = Push gem to rubygems.org. § Financing Currently, most of my time is spent at my day job and in my rather busy private life. Please motivate me to spend time on this piece of software by donating some of your money to this project. Yeah, I realize that requesting money to develop software is a bit, well, capitalistic of me. But please realize that I live in a capitalistic society and I need money to have other people give me the things that I need to continue living under the rules of said society. So, if you feel that this piece of software has helped you out enough to warrant a reward, please PayPal a donation to now@disu.se¹. Thanks! Your support won’t go unnoticed! ¹ Send a donation: https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_donations&amp;business=now@disu.se&amp;item_name=Inventory-Rake § Reporting Bugs Please report any bugs that you encounter to the {issue tracker}¹. ¹ See https://github.com/now/inventory-rake/issues § Authors Nikolai Weibull wrote the code, the tests, the manual pages, and this README. § Licensing Inventory-Rake is free software: you may redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the {GNU Lesser General Public License, version 3}¹ or later², as published by the {Free Software Foundation}³. ¹ See http://disu.se/licenses/lgpl-3.0/ ² See http://gnu.org/licenses/ ³ See http://fsf.org/

Inventory-Rake-Tasks-YARD Inventory-Rake-Tasks-YARD provides Rake¹ tasks for YARD² using your Inventory³. ¹ See http://rake.rubyforge.org/ ² See http://yardoc.org/ ³ See http://disu.se/software/inventory/ § Installation Install Inventory-Rake-Tasks-YARD with % gem install inventory-rake-tasks-yard § Usage Include the following code in your ‹Rakefile› (assuming that you’ve already set up Inventory-Rake¹: Inventory::Rake::Tasks.unless_installing_dependencies do require 'inventory-rake-tasks-yard-1.0' Inventory::Rake::Tasks::YARD.new end This’ll define the following tasks: = .yardopts (file). = Create .yardopts file; depends on the file defining this task and Rakefile. = html. = Generate documentation in HTML format for all lib files in the inventory; depends on .yardopts file. ‹Inventory::Rake::Tasks::YARD› takes a couple of options, but the ones you might want to adjust are = :options. = The options to pass to YARD; will be passed to `Shellwords.shelljoin`. = :globals. = The globals to pass to YARD. = :files. = The files to process; mainly used if you want to add additional files to process beyond the lib files in the inventory. The options passed to YARD will be augmented with any options you list in a file named ‹.yardopts.task›, where ‹task› is the name of the Rake task invoking YARD, for example, ‹.yardopts.html› for the default HTML-generating task. You can use this to add options that are local to your installation and should thus not be listed in the Rakefile itself. See the {API documentation}² for more information. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/inventory-rake/ ² See http://disu.se/software/inventory-rake-tasks-yard/api/Inventory/Rake/Tasks/YARD/ § Financing Currently, most of my time is spent at my day job and in my rather busy private life. Please motivate me to spend time on this piece of software by donating some of your money to this project. Yeah, I realize that requesting money to develop software is a bit, well, capitalistic of me. But please realize that I live in a capitalistic society and I need money to have other people give me the things that I need to continue living under the rules of said society. So, if you feel that this piece of software has helped you out enough to warrant a reward, please PayPal a donation to now@disu.se¹. Thanks! Your support won’t go unnoticed! ¹ Send a donation: https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_donations&business=now%40disu%2ese&item_name=Inventory-Rake-Tasks-YARD § Reporting Bugs Please report any bugs that you encounter to the {issue tracker}¹. ¹ See https://github.com/now/inventory-rake-tasks-yard/issues § Authors Nikolai Weibull wrote the code, the tests, the manual pages, and this README. § Licensing Inventory-Rake-Tasks-YARD is free software: you may redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the {GNU Lesser General Public License, version 3}¹ or later², as published by the {Free Software Foundation}³. ¹ See http://disu.se/licenses/lgpl-3.0/ ² See http://gnu.org/licenses/ ³ See http://fsf.org/

Lookout-Rack Lookout-Rack provides easy interaction with Rack¹ from Lookout². It provides you with a session connected to your Rack application through which you can make requests, check responses, follow redirects and set, inspect, and clear cookies. ¹ See http://rack.rubyforge.org/ ² See http://disu.se/software/lookout/ § Installation Install Lookout-Rack with % gem install lookout-rack § Usage Include the following code in your ‹Rakefile› (provided that you’re using Lookout-Rake¹): require 'lookout-rack-3.0' Lookout::Rake::Tasks::Test.new do |t| t.requires << 'lookout-rack-3.0' end ¹ See http://disu.se/software/lookout-rake/ Then set up a ‹fixtures/config.ru› file that Lookout-Rack will use for loading your Rack app. load 'path/to/app.rb' use Rack::Lint run Path::To::App This file, if it exists, will be loaded during the first call to #session. If it doesn’t exist, ‹config.ru› will be used instead. You can now test your app: Expectations do expect 200 do session.get('/').response.status end end The #session method returns an object that lets you #get, #post, #put, and #delete resources from the Rack app. You call these method with a URI¹ that you want to access/modify together with any parameters that you want to pass and any Rack environment that you want to use (which isn’t very common). For example, let’s get ‹/pizzas/› with olives on them: expect 200 do session.get('/pizzas/', 'olives' => '1').response.status end ¹ Abbreviation for Uniform Resource Identifier The #response method on #session returns a mock Rack response object that can be queried for results. Similarly, there’s a #request method that lets you inspect the request that was made. Lookout-Rack also deals with cookies. Assuming that ‹/cookies/set/› will set any cookies that we pass it and that ‹/cookies/show/› will simply do nothing relevant, the following expectation will pass: expect 'value' => '1' do session. get('/cookies/set/', 'value' => '1'). get('/cookies/show/').request.cookies end Sometimes you may want to set cookies yourself before making a request. You then use the #cookie method, which takes a String of ‹KEY=VALUE› pairs separated by newlines, commas, and/or semicolons and sets those cookies in the session: expect 'value' => '1', 'other' => '2' do session. cookie("value=1\n\nother=2"). get('/cookies/show/').request.cookies end You may also want to clear all cookies in your session using #clear: expect({}) do session. get('/cookies/set', 'value' => '1'). clear. get('/cookies/show').request.cookies end Finally, to test redirects, call the #redirect! method on the session object, assuming that ‹/redirected/› redirects to another location: expect result.redirect? do session.get('/redirected/').response end expect result.not.redirect? do session.get('/redirected/').redirect!.response end That’s basically all there’s to it. You can check the {API documentation}¹ for more information. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/lookout-rack/api/Lookout/Rack/ § Financing Currently, most of my time is spent at my day job and in my rather busy private life. Please motivate me to spend time on this piece of software by donating some of your money to this project. Yeah, I realize that requesting money to develop software is a bit, well, capitalistic of me. But please realize that I live in a capitalistic society and I need money to have other people give me the things that I need to continue living under the rules of said society. So, if you feel that this piece of software has helped you out enough to warrant a reward, please PayPal a donation to now@disu.se¹. Thanks! Your support won’t go unnoticed! ¹ Send a donation: https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_donations&business=now@disu.se&item_name=Lookout-Rack § Reporting Bugs Please report any bugs that you encounter to the {issue tracker}¹. ¹ See https://github.com/now/lookout-rack/issues § Authors Nikolai Weibull wrote the code, the tests, the documentation, and this README. § Licensing Lookout-Rack is free software: you may redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the {GNU Lesser General Public License, version 3}¹ or later², as published by the {Free Software Foundation}³. ¹ See http://disu.se/licenses/lgpl-3.0/ ² See http://gnu.org/licenses/ ³ See http://fsf.org/

Lookout-Rake Lookout-Rake provides Rake¹ tasks for testing using Lookout. ¹ See http://rake.rubyforge.org/ § Installation Install Lookout-Rake with % gem install lookout-rake § Usage Include the following code in your ‹Rakefile›: require 'lookout-rake-3.0' Lookout::Rake::Tasks::Test.new If the ‹:default› task hasn’t been defined it’ll be set to depend on the ‹:test› task. The ‹:check› task will also depend on the ‹:test› task. There’s also a ‹:test:coverage› task that gets defined that uses the coverage library that comes with Ruby 1.9 to check the test coverage when the tests are run. You can hook up your test task to use your Inventory¹: load File.expand_path('../lib/library-X.0/version.rb', __FILE__) Lookout::Rake::Tasks::Test.new :inventory => Library::Version Also, if you use the tasks that come with Inventory-Rake², the test task will hook into the inventory you tell them to use automatically, that is, the following will do: load File.expand_path('../lib/library-X.0/version.rb', __FILE__) Inventory::Rake::Tasks.define Library::Version Lookout::Rake::Tasks::Test.new For further usage information, see the {API documentation}³. ¹ Inventory: http://disu.se/software/inventory/ ² Inventory-Rake: http://disu.se/software/inventory-rake/ ³ API: http://disu.se/software/lookout-rake/api/Lookout/Rake/Tasks/Test/ § Integration To use Lookout together with Vim¹, place ‹contrib/rakelookout.vim› in ‹~/.vim/compiler› and add compiler rakelookout to ‹~/.vim/after/ftplugin/ruby.vim›. Executing ‹:make› from inside Vim will now run your tests and an errors and failures can be visited with ‹:cnext›. Execute ‹:help quickfix› for additional information. Another useful addition to your ‹~/.vim/after/ftplugin/ruby.vim› file may be nnoremap <buffer> <silent> <Leader>M <Esc>:call <SID>run_test()<CR> let b:undo_ftplugin .= ' | nunmap <buffer> <Leader>M' function! s:run_test() let test = expand('%') let line = 'LINE=' . line('.') if test =~ '^lib/' let test = substitute(test, '^lib/', 'test/', '') let line = "" endif execute 'make' 'TEST=' . shellescape(test) line endfunction Now, pressing ‹<Leader>M› will either run all tests for a given class, if the implementation file is active, or run the test at or just before the cursor, if the test file is active. This is useful if you’re currently receiving a lot of errors and/or failures and want to focus on those associated with a specific class or on a specific test. ¹ Find out more about Vim at http://www.vim.org/ § Financing Currently, most of my time is spent at my day job and in my rather busy private life. Please motivate me to spend time on this piece of software by donating some of your money to this project. Yeah, I realize that requesting money to develop software is a bit, well, capitalistic of me. But please realize that I live in a capitalistic society and I need money to have other people give me the things that I need to continue living under the rules of said society. So, if you feel that this piece of software has helped you out enough to warrant a reward, please PayPal a donation to now@disu.se¹. Thanks! Your support won’t go unnoticed! ¹ Send a donation: https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_donations&business=now%40disu%2ese&item_name=Nikolai%20Weibull%20Software%20Services § Reporting Bugs Please report any bugs that you encounter to the {issue tracker}¹. ¹ See https://github.com/now/lookout-rake/issues § Authors Nikolai Weibull wrote the code, the tests, the manual pages, and this README.

# RbTags # RbTags is a replacement for ctags (and rtags) for Ruby.

U U extends Ruby’s Unicode support. It provides a string class called U::String with an interface that mimics that of the String class in Ruby 2.0, but that can also be used from both Ruby 1.8. This interface also has more complete Unicode support and never modifies the receiver. Thus, a U::String is an immutable value object. U comes with complete and very accurate documentation¹. The documentation can realistically also be used as a reference to the Ruby String API and may actually be preferable, as it’s a lot more explicit and complete than the documentation that comes with Ruby. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/ § Installation Install u with % gem install u § Usage Usage is basically the following: require 'u-1.0' a = 'äbc' a.upcase # ⇒ 'äBC' a.u.upcase # ⇒ 'ÄBC' That is, you require the library, then you invoke #u on a String. This’ll give you a U::String that has much better Unicode support than a normal String. It’s important to note that U only uses UTF-8, which means that #u will try to #encode the String as such. This shouldn’t be an issue in most cases, as UTF-8 is now more or less the universal encoding – and rightfully so. As U::Strings¹ are immutable value objects, there’s also a U::Buffer² available for building U::Strings efficiently. See the API³ for more complete usage information. The following sections will only cover the extensions and differences that U::String exhibit from Ruby’s built-in String class. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/ ² See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/Buffer/ ³ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/ § Unicode Properties There are quite a few property-checking interrogators that let you check if all characters in a U::String have the given Unicode property: • #alnum?¹ • #alpha?² • #assigned?³ • #case_ignorable?⁴ • #cased?⁵ • #cntrl?⁶ • #defined?⁷ • #digit?⁸ • #graph?⁹ • #newline?¹⁰ • #print?¹¹ • #punct?¹² • #soft_dotted?¹³ • #space?¹⁴ • #title?¹⁵ • #valid?¹⁶ • #wide?¹⁷ • #wide_cjk?¹⁸ • #xdigit?¹⁹ • #zero_width?²⁰ ¹ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#alnum-p-instance-method ² See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#alpha-p-instance-method ³ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#assigned-p-instance-method ⁴ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#case_ignorable-p-instance-method ⁵ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#cased-p-instance-method ⁶ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#cntrl-p-instance-method ⁷ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#defined-p-instance-method ⁸ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#digit-p-instance-method ⁹ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#graph-p-instance-method ¹⁰ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#newline-p-instance-method ¹¹ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#print-p-instance-method ¹² See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#punct-p-instance-method ¹³ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#soft_dotted-p-instance-method ¹⁴ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#space-p-instance-method ¹⁵ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#title-p-instance-method ¹⁶ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#valid-p-instance-method ¹⁷ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#wide-p-instance-method ¹⁸ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#wide_cjk-p-instance-method ¹⁹ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#xdigit-p-instance-method ²⁰ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#zero_width-p-instance-method Similar to these methods are • #folded?¹ • #lower?² • #upper?³ which check whether a ‹U::String› has been cased in a given manner. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#folded-p-instance-method ² See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#lower-p-instance-method ³ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#upper-p-instance-method There’s also a #normalized?¹ method that checks whether a ‹U::String› has been normalized on a given form. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#normalized-p-instance-method You can also access certain Unicode properties of the characters of a U::String: • #canonical_combining_class¹ • #general_category² • #grapheme_break³ • #line_break⁴ • #script⁵ • #word_break⁶ ¹ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#canonical_combining_class-instance-method ² See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#general_category-instance-method ³ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#grapheme_break-instance-method ⁴ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#line_break-instance-method ⁵ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#script-instance-method ⁶ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#word_break-instance-method § Locale-specific Comparisons Comparisons of U::Strings respect the current locale (and also allow you to specify a locale to use): ‹#&lt;=&gt;›¹, #casecmp², and #collation_key³. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#comparison-operator ² See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#casecmp-instance-method ³ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#collation_key-instance-method § Additional Enumerators There are a couple of additional enumerators in #each_grapheme_cluster¹ and #each_word² (along with aliases #grapheme_clusters³ and #words⁴). ¹ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#each_grapheme_cluster-instance-method ² See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#each_word-instance-method ³ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#grapheme_clusters-instance-method ⁴ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#words-instance-method § Unicode-aware Sub-sequence Removal #Chomp¹, #chop², #lstrip³, #rstrip⁴, and #strip⁵ all look for Unicode newline and space characters, rather than only ASCII ones. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#chomp-instance-method ² See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#chop-instance-method ³ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#lstrip-instance-method ⁴ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#rstrip-instance-method ⁵ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#strip-instance-method § Unicode-aware Conversions Case-shifting methods #downcase¹ and #upcase² do proper Unicode casing and the interface is further augmented by #foldcase³ and #titlecase⁴. #Mirror⁵ and #normalize⁶ do conversions similar in nature to the case-shifting methods. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#downcase-instance-method ² See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#upcase-instance-method ³ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#foldcase-instance-method ⁴ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#titlecase-instance-method ⁵ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#mirror-instance-method ⁶ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#normalize-instance-method § Width Calculations #Width¹ will return the number of cells on a terminal that a U::String will occupy. #Center², #ljust³, and #rjust⁴ deal in width rather than length, making them much more useful for generating terminal output. #%⁵ (and its alias #format⁶) similarly deal in width. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#width-instance-method ² See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#center-instance-method ³ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#ljust-instance-method ⁴ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#rjust-instance-method ⁵ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#modulo-operator ⁶ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#format-instance-method § Extended Type Conversions Finally, #hex¹, #oct², and #to_i³ use Unicode alpha-numerics for their respective conversions. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#hex-instance-method ² See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#oct-instance-method ³ See http://disu.se/software/u-1.0/api/U/String/#to_i-instance-method § News § 1.0.0 Initial public release! § Financing Currently, most of my time is spent at my day job and in my rather busy private life. Please motivate me to spend time on this piece of software by donating some of your money to this project. Yeah, I realize that requesting money to develop software is a bit, well, capitalistic of me. But please realize that I live in a capitalistic society and I need money to have other people give me the things that I need to continue living under the rules of said society. So, if you feel that this piece of software has helped you out enough to warrant a reward, please PayPal a donation to now@disu.se¹. Thanks! Your support won’t go unnoticed! ¹ Send a donation: https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_donations&amp;business=now@disu.se&amp;item_name=U § Reporting Bugs Please report any bugs that you encounter to the {issue tracker}¹. ¹ See https://github.com/now/u/issues § Authors Nikolai Weibull wrote the code, the tests, the documentation, and this README. § Licensing U is free software: you may redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the {GNU Lesser General Public License, version 3}¹ or later², as published by the {Free Software Foundation}³. ¹ See http://disu.se/licenses/lgpl-3.0/ ² See http://gnu.org/licenses/ ³ See http://fsf.org/

Value Value is a library for defining immutable value objects in Ruby. A value object is an object whose equality to other objects is determined by its value, not its identity, think dates and amounts of money. A value object should also be immutable, as you don’t want the date “2013-04-22” itself to change but the current date to change from “2013-04-22” to “2013-04-23”. That is, you don’t want entries in a calendar for 2013-04-22 to move to 2013-04-23 simply because the current date changes from 2013-04-22 to 2013-04-23. A value object consists of one or more attributes stored in instance variables. Value sets up an #initialize method for you that let’s you set these attributes, as, value objects being immutable, this’ll be your only chance to do so. Value also adds equality checks ‹#==› and ‹#eql?› (which are themselves equivalent), a ‹#hash› method, a nice ‹#inspect› method, and a protected attribute reader for each attribute. You may of course add any additional methods that your value object will benefit from. That’s basically all there’s too it. Let’s now look at using the Value library. § Usage You create value object class by invoking ‹#Value› inside the class (module) you wish to make into a value object class. Let’s create a class that represent points on a plane: class Point Value :x, :y end A ‹Point› is thus a value object consisting of two sub-values ‹x› and ‹y› (the coordinates). Just from invoking ‹#Value›, a ‹Point› object will have a constructor that takes two arguments to set instance variables ‹@x› and ‹@y›, equality checks ‹#==› and ‹#eql?› (which are the same), a ‹#hash› method, a nice ‹#inspect› method, and two protected attribute readers ‹#x› and ‹#y›. We can thus already creat ‹Point›s: origo = Point.new(0, 0) The default of making the attribute readers protected is often good practice, but for a ‹Point› it probably makes sense to be able to access its coordinates: class Point public(*attributes) end This’ll make all attributes of ‹Point› public. You can of course choose to only make certain attributes public: class Point public :x end Note that this public is standard Ruby functionality. Adding a method to ‹Point› is of course also possible and very much Rubyish: class Point def distance(other) Math.sqrt((other.x - x)**2 + (other.y - y)**2) end end For some value object classes you might want to support optional attributes. This is done by providing a default value for the attribute, like so: class Money Value :amount, [:currency, :USD] end Here, the ‹currency› attribute will default to ‹:USD›. You can create ‹Money› via dollars = Money.new(2) but also kronor = Money.new(2, :SEK) All required attributes must come before any optional attributes. Splat attributes are also supported: class List Value :'*elements' end empty = List.new suits = List.new(:spades, :hearts, :diamonds, :clubs) Splat attributes are optional. Finally, block attributes are also available: class Block Value :'&block' end block = Block.new{ |e| e * 2 } Block attributes are optional. Comparison beyond ‹#==› is possible by specifingy the ‹:comparable› option to ‹#Value›, listing one or more attributes that should be included in the comparison: class Vector Value :a, :b, :comparable => :a end Note that equality (‹#==› and ‹#eql?›) is always defined based on all attributes, regardless of arguments to ‹:comparable›. Here we say that comparisons between ‹Vector›s should be made between the values of the ‹a› attribute only. We can also make comparisons between all attributes of a value object: class Vector Value :a, :b, :comparable => true end To sum things up, let’s use all possible arguments to ‹#Value› at once: class Method Value :file, :line, [:name, 'unnamed'], :'*args', :'&block', :comparable => [:file, :line] end A ‹Method› consists of file and line information, a possible name, some arguments, possibly a block, and is comparable on the file and line on which they appear. Check out the {full API documentation}¹ for a more explicit description, should you need it or should you want to extend it. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/value/api/ § Financing Currently, most of my time is spent at my day job and in my rather busy private life. Please motivate me to spend time on this piece of software by donating some of your money to this project. Yeah, I realize that requesting money to develop software is a bit, well, capitalistic of me. But please realize that I live in a capitalistic society and I need money to have other people give me the things that I need to continue living under the rules of said society. So, if you feel that this piece of software has helped you out enough to warrant a reward, please PayPal a donation to now@disu.se¹. Thanks! Your support won’t go unnoticed! ¹ Send a donation: https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_donations&business=now%40disu%2ese&item_name=Value § Reporting Bugs Please report any bugs that you encounter to the {issue tracker}¹. ¹ See https://github.com/now/value/issues § Authors Nikolai Weibull wrote the code, the tests, the manual pages, and this README. § Licensing Value is free software: you may redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the {GNU Lesser General Public License, version 3}¹ or later², as published by the {Free Software Foundation}³. ¹ See http://disu.se/licenses/lgpl-3.0/ ² See http://gnu.org/licenses/ ³ See http://fsf.org/

Value-YARD Value-YARD provides YARD handlers for Value¹ objects. ¹ Check out the Value library at http://disu.se/software/value

YARD-Heuristics YARD-Heuristics heuristically determines types of parameters and return values for YARD documentation that doesn’t explicitly document it. This allows you to write documentation that isn’t adorned with “obvious” types, but still get that information into the output. It also lets you nice-looking references to parameters and have them be marked up appropriately in HTML output. § Heuristics The following sections list the various heuristics that YARD-Heuristics apply for determining types of parameters and return values. Note that for all heuristics, a type will only be added if none already exists. § Parameter Named “other” A parameter named “other” has the same type as the receiver. This turns class Point def ==(other) into class Point # @param [Point] other def ==(other) § Parameter Types Derived by Parameter Name Parameters to a method with names in the following table has the type listed on the same row. | Name | Type | |--------+-----------| | index | [Integer] | | object | [Object] | | range | [Range] | | string | [String] | Thus class Point def x_inside?(range) becomes class Point # @param [Range] range def x_inside?(range) § Block Parameters If the last parameter to a method’s name begins with ‘&’ it has the type [Proc]. class Method def initialize(&block) becomes class Method # @param [Block] block def initialize(&block) § Return Types by Method Name For the return type of a method with less than two ‹@return› tags, the method name is lookup up in the following table and has the type listed on the same row. For the “type” “self or type”, if a ‹@param› tag exists with the name “other”, the type of the receiver is used, otherwise “self” is used. For the “type” “type”, the type of the receiver is used. | Name | Type | |-----------------+----------------| | ‹<<› | self or type | | ‹>>› | self or type | | ‹==› | [Boolean] | | ‹===› | [Boolean] | | ‹=~› | [Boolean] | | ‹<=>› | [Integer, nil] | | ‹+› | type | | ‹-› | type | | ‹*› | type | | ‹/› | type | | each | [self] | | each_with_index | [self] | | hash | [Integer] | | inspect | [String] | | length | [Integer] | | size | [Integer] | | to_s | [String] | | to_str | [String] | Thus class Point def <<(other) becomes class Point # @return [Point] def <<(other) but class List def <<(item) becomes class List # @return [self] def <<(item) § Emphasizing Parameter Names When producing HTML output, any words in all uppercase, with a possible “th” suffix, that is also the name of a parameter, an ‹@option›, or a ‹@yieldparam›, will be downcased and emphasized with a class of “parameter”. In the following example, “OTHER” will be turned into ‹<em class="parameter">other</em>›: class Point # @return True if the receiver’s class and {#x} and {#y} `#==` those of # OTHER def ==(other) § Usage Add ‹--plugin yard-heuristics-1.0› to your YARD command line. If you’re using Inventory-Rake-Tasks-YARD¹, add the following to your Rakefile: Inventory::Rake::Tasks::YARD.new do |t| t.options += %w'--plugin yard-heuristics-1.0' end ¹ See http://disu.se/software/inventory-rake-tasks-yard/ § API There’s really not very much to the YARD-Heuristics API. What you can do is add (or modify) the types of parameters and return types of methods by adding (or modifying) entries in the Hash tables ‹YARDHeuristics::ParamTypes› and ‹YARDHeuristics::ReturnTypes› respectively. That’s about it. § Financing Currently, most of my time is spent at my day job and in my rather busy private life. Please motivate me to spend time on this piece of software by donating some of your money to this project. Yeah, I realize that requesting money to develop software is a bit, well, capitalistic of me. But please realize that I live in a capitalistic society and I need money to have other people give me the things that I need to continue living under the rules of said society. So, if you feel that this piece of software has helped you out enough to warrant a reward, please PayPal a donation to now@disu.se¹. Thanks! Your support won’t go unnoticed! ¹ Send a donation: https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_donations&business=now@disu.se&item_name=YARD-Heuristics § Reporting Bugs Please report any bugs that you encounter to the {issue tracker}¹. ¹ See https://github.com/now/yard-heuristics/issues § Authors Nikolai Weibull wrote the code, the tests, and this README. § Licensing YARD-Heuristics is free software: you may redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the {GNU Lesser General Public License, version 3}¹ or later², as published by the {Free Software Foundation}³. ¹ See http://disu.se/licenses/lgpl-3.0/ ² See http://gnu.org/licenses/ ³ See http://fsf.org/

YARD-Value YARD-Value provides YARD¹ handlers for Value² objects. It’ll document whether the Value is Comparable and what attributes are used in such comparisons, its #initialize method, and its protected accessors. ¹ See http://yardoc.org/ ² See http://disu.se/software/value-1.0/ You add the documentation to the Module#Value invocation. Any ‹@param› tags are used both for the parameters to the #initialize method and for the protected accessors. This class Point # A point on a plane. # @param [Integer] x # @param [Integer] y Value :x, :y end generates documentation similar to class Point # A point on a plane. # @param [Integer] x # @param [Integer] y def initialize(x, y) end and this class Point # A point on a plane. # @param [Integer] x The x coordinate of the receiver # @param [Integer] y The y coordinate of the receiver Value :x, :y end generates documentation similar to class Point # A point on a plane. # @param [Integer] x # @param [Integer] y def initialize(x, y) protected # @return [Integer] The x coordinate of the receiver attr_reader :x # @return [Integer] The y coordinate of the receiver attr_reader :y end For comparable Values, a note is added about what attributes are used in the comparison. This class Point # A point on a plane. # @param [Integer] x # @param [Integer] y Value :x, :y, :comparable =&gt; true end is similar to class Point # A point on a plane. # @param [Integer] x # @param [Integer] y # @note Comparisons between instances are made between x and y. def initialize(x, y) end § Usage Add ‹--plugin yard-value-1.0› to your YARD command line. If you’re using Inventory-Rake-Tasks-YARD¹, add the following to your Rakefile: Inventory::Rake::Tasks::YARD.new do |t| t.options += %w'--plugin yard-value-1.0' end ¹ See http://disu.se/software/inventory-rake-tasks-yard-1.0/ § Financing Currently, most of my time is spent at my day job and in my rather busy private life. Please motivate me to spend time on this piece of software by donating some of your money to this project. Yeah, I realize that requesting money to develop software is a bit, well, capitalistic of me. But please realize that I live in a capitalistic society and I need money to have other people give me the things that I need to continue living under the rules of said society. So, if you feel that this piece of software has helped you out enough to warrant a reward, please PayPal a donation to now@disu.se¹. Thanks! Your support won’t go unnoticed! ¹ Send a donation: https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_donations&amp;business=now@disu.se&amp;item_name=YARD-Value § Reporting Bugs Please report any bugs that you encounter to the {issue tracker}¹. ¹ See https://github.com/now/yard-value/issues § Authors Nikolai Weibull wrote the code, the tests, and this README. § Licensing YARD-Value is free software: you may redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the {GNU Lesser General Public License, version 3}¹ or later², as published by the {Free Software Foundation}³. ¹ See http://disu.se/licenses/lgpl-3.0/ ² See http://gnu.org/licenses/ ³ See http://fsf.org/