Active Elastic Job

You have your Rails application deployed on the Amazon Elastic Beanstalk platform and now your application needs to offload work—like sending emails—into asynchronous background jobs. Or you want to perform jobs periodically similar to cron jobs. Then Active Elastic Job is the right gem. It provides an adapter for Rails' Active Job framework that allows your application to queue jobs as messages in an Amazon SQS queue. Elastic Beanstalk provides worker environments that automatically pull messages from the queue and transforms them into HTTP requests. This gem knows how to handle these requests. It comes with a Rack middleware that intercepts these requests and transforms them back into jobs which are subsequently executed.

• It is easy to setup.
• It makes your application ready for worker environments that are highly integrated in the Elastic Beanstalk landscape.
• It is based on Amazon SQS, a fast, fully managed, scaleable, and reliable queue service. You do not need to operate and maintain your custom-messaging cluster.
• It is easy to deploy. You simply push your application code to a worker environment, the same way that you push your application code to your web environment.
• It scales. The worker environments come with auto-scale capability. Additional worker instances will spawn automatically and process jobs from the queue if the load increases above a preconfigured threshold.

1. Add this line to your application's Gemfile:

    gem 'active_elastic_job'
   

2. Create an SQS queue:

• Log into your Amazon Web Service Console and select SQS from the services menu.
• Create a new queue. Select a name of choice but do not forget to use the same name in your Active Job class definition.

class YourJob < ActiveJob::Base
  queue_as :name_of_your_queue
end

• Choose a visibility timeout that exceeds the maximum amount of time a single job will take.

3. Give your EC2 instances permission to send messages to SQS queues:

• Stay logged in and select the IAM service from the services menu.
• Select the Roles submenu.
• Find the role that you select as the instance profile when creating the Elastic Beanstalk web environment:
• Attach the AmazonSQSFullAccess policy to this role.
• Make yourself familiar with AWS Service Roles, Instance Profiles, and User Policies.

4. Tell the gem the region of your SQS queue that you created in step 2:

• Select the web environment that is currently hosting your application and open the Software Configuration settings.
• Add AWS_REGION and set it to the region of the SQS queue, created in Step 2.

5. Create a worker environment:

• Stay logged in and select the Elastic Beanstalk option from the services menu.
• Select your application, click the Actions button and select Launch New Environment.
• Click the create worker button and select the identical platform that you had chosen for your web environment.
• In the Worker Details form, select the queue, that you created in Step 2, as the worker queue, and leave the MIME type to application/json. The visibility timeout setting should exceed the maximum time that you expect a single background job will take. The HTTP path setting can be left as it is (it will be ignored).

6. Configure the worker environment for processing jobs:

• Select the worker environment that you just have created and open the Software Configuration settings.
• Add PROCESS_ACTIVE_ELASTIC_JOBS and set it to true.

7. Configure Active Elastic Job as the queue adapter.

# config/application.rb
module YourApp
  class Application < Rails::Application
    config.active_job.queue_adapter = :active_elastic_job
  end
end

8. Verify that both environments—web and worker—have the same secret base key:

• In the Software Configuration settings of the web environment, copy the value of the SECRET_KEY_BASE variable.
• Open the Software Configuration settings of the worker environment and add the SECRET_KEY_BASE variable. Paste the value from the web environment, so that both environments have the same secret key base.

9. Deploy the application to both environments (web and worker).

Elastic beanstalk worker environments support the execution of periodic tasks similar to cron jobs. We recommend you to make yourself familiar with Elastic Beanstalks' official doumentation first.

You don't need this gem to make us of Elastic Beanstalk's periodic tasks feature, however, this gem takes care of intercepting the POST requests from the SQS daemon (explained in the official documenation). If the gem detects a POST request from the daemon caused by a periodic task definition, then the gem will create a corresponding Active Job instance and trigger the execution. To make use of the gem, just follow these conventions when writing your definition of the perdiodic tasks in cron.yaml:

• Set name to the class name the of the (ActiveJob) job that should be performed.
• Set url to /periodic_tasks.

This is an example of a cron.yaml file which sets up a periodic task that is executed at 11pm UTC every day. The url setting leads to requests which will be intercepted by the gem. It then looks at the name setting, passed as a request header value by the SQS daemon, and instantiates a PeriodicTaskJob job object. Subsequently it triggers its execution by calling the #perform_now method.

version: 1
cron:
 - name: "PeriodicTaskJob"
   url: "/periodic_tasks"
   schedule: "0 23 * * *"

FIFO (First-In-First-Out) queues are designed to enhance messaging between applications when the order of operations and events is critical, or where duplicates can't be tolerated. FIFO queues also provide exactly-once processing but have a limited number of transactions per second (TPS).

In order to make it work, you'll need to specify both message_deduplication_id and message_group_id in your job's arguments when calling perform_later or perform_now. Both mentioned arguments are required and both are String objects.

This gem is configurable in case your setup requires different settings than the defaults. The snippet below shows the various configurable settings and their defaults.

Rails.application.configure do
  config.active_elastic_job.process_jobs = ENV['PROCESS_ACTIVE_ELASTIC_JOBS'] == 'true'
  config.active_elastic_job.aws_credentials = lambda { Aws::InstanceProfileCredentials.new } # allows lambdas for lazy loading
  config.active_elastic_job.secret_key_base = Rails.application.secrets[:secret_key_base]
  config.active_elastic_job.periodic_tasks_route = '/periodic_tasks'.freeze
end

If you don't want to provide AWS credentials by using EC2 instance profiles, but via environment variables, you can do so:

Rails.application.configure do
  config.active_elastic_job.aws_credentials = Aws::Credentials.new(ENV['AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID'], ENV['AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY'])
end

A summary of frequently asked questions:

You decided to use Elastic Beanstalk because it facilitates deploying and operating your application. Active Elastic Job embraces this approach and keeps deployment and maintenance simple. To use Resque, Sidekiq or DelayedJob as a queuing backend, you would need to setup at least one extra EC2 instance that runs your queue application. This complicates deployment. Furthermore, you will need to monitor your queue and make sure that it is in a healthy state.

It is possible but not recommended. Your jobs will be executed on the same instance that is hosting your web server, which handles your users' HTTP requests. Therefore, the web server and the worker processes will fight for the same resources. This leads to slower responses of your application. But a fast response time is actually one of the main reasons to offload tasks into background jobs.

Amazon SQS does not support prioritization. In order to achieve faster processing of your jobs you can add more instances to the worker environment or create a separate queue with its own worker environment for your high-priority jobs.

You can schedule jobs not more than 15 minutes into the future. See the Amazon SQS API reference. If you need to postpone the execution of a job further into the future, then consider the possibility of setting up a periodic task.

Amazon SQS provides dead-letter queues. These queues can be used to isolate and sideline unsuccessful jobs.

The Rails application will treat requests presenting a user agent value aws-sqsd/* as a request from the SQS daemo; therefore, it tries to un-marshal the request body back into a job object for further execution. This adds a potential attack vector since anyone can fabricate a request with this user agent and, therefore, might try to spoof the application into processing jobs or even malicious code. This gem takes several counter-measures to block the attack vector.

• The middleware that processes the requests from the SQS daemon is disabled per default. It has to be enabled deliberately by setting the environment variable PROCESS_ACTIVE_ELASTIC_JOBS to true, as instructed in the Usage section.
• Messages that represent the jobs are signed before they are enqueued. The signature is verified before the job is executed. This is the reason both environments-web and worker-need to have the same value for the environment variable SECRET_KEY_BASE (see the Usage section Step 7) since the secret key base will be used to generate and verify the signature.
• Only requests that originate from the same host (localhost) are considered to be requests from the SQS daemon. SQS daemons are installed in all instances running in a worker environment and will only send requests to the application running in the same instance. Because of these safety measures it is possible to deploy the same codebase to both environments, which keeps the deployment simple and reduces complexity.

Active Elastic Job will raise an error if a job has not been sent successfully to the SQS queue. It expects the queue to return an MD5 digest of the message contents, which it verifies for correctness. Amazon advertises SQS to be reliable and messages are stored redundantly. If a job is not executed successfully, the corresponding message become visible in the queue again. Depending on the queue's setting, the worker environment will pull the message again and an attempt will be made to execute the jobs again.

Inspect the log files of your worker tier environment. It should contain entries for the requests that are performed by the AWS SQS daemon. Look out for POST requests from user agents starting with aws-sqsd/. If the log does not contain any, then make sure that there are messages enqueued in the SQS queue which is attached to your worker tier. You can do this from your AWS console.

When you have found the requests, check their response codes which give a clue on why a job is not executed:

• status code 500: something went wrong. The job might have raised an error.
• status code 403: the request seems to originate from another host than localhost or the message which represents the job has not been verified successfully. Make sure that both environment, web and worker, use the same SECRET_KEY_BASE.
• status code 404 or 301: the gem is not included in the bundle, or the PROCESS_ACTIVE_ELASTIC_JOBS is not set to true (see step 6) in the worker environment or the worker environment uses an outdated platform which uses the AWS SQS daemon version 1. Check the user agent again, if it lookes like this aws-sqsd/1.* then it uses the old version. This gem works only for daemons version 2 or newer.

Whether you catch a bug, have a question or a suggestion for improvement, I sincerely appreciate any feedback. Please feel free to create an issue and I will follow up as soon as possible.

Running the complete test suite requires to launch elastic beanstalk environments. Travis builds triggered by a pull request will launch the needed elastic beanstalk environments and subsequently run the complete test suite. You can run all specs that do not depend on running elasitic beanstalk environments by setting an environment variable:

EXCEPT_DEPLOYED=true bundle exec rspec spec

Feel free to issue a pull request, if this subset of specs passes.