Cuprum::Rails

An integration between Rails and the Cuprum library.

Cuprum::Rails defines the following objects:

• Collections: A collection for performing operations on ActiveRecord models using the standard Cuprum::Collections interface.
  • Commands: Each collection is comprised of Cuprum commands, which implement common collection operations such as inserting or querying data.
• Controllers: Decouples controller responsibilities for precise control, reusability, and reduction of boilerplate code.
  • Actions: Implement a controller's actions as a Cuprum command.
  • Middleware: Wraps a controller's actions with additional functionality.
  • Requests: Encapsulates a controller request.
  • Resources and Routes: Configuration for a resourceful controller.
  • Responders and Responses: Generate controller responses from action results.
  • Serializers: Recursively convert entities and data structures into serialized data.

Cuprum::Rails provides a toolkit for using the Cuprum command pattern and the flexibility of Cuprum::Collections to build Rails applications. Using the Cuprum::Rails::Records::Collection, you can perform operations on ActiveRecord models, leveraging a standard interface to control where your data is stored and how it is queried. For example, you can inject a mock collection into unit tests for precise control over queried values and blinding fast tests without having to hit the database directly.

Using Cuprum::Rails::Controller takes this one step further, breaking apart the traditional controller into a sequence of steps with individual responsibilities. This has two main benefits. First, being explicit about how your controllers perform and respond to actions allows for precise control at each step of the process. Second, each step is encapsulated, which allows for easier testing and reuse. This not only makes testing simpler - you can test your business logic by examining an Action result, rather than parsing a rendered HTML page - but allows you to reuse individual components. The goal is to reduce the boilerplate inherent in writing a Rails application by allowing you to define only the code that is unique to the controller, action, or process.

Rails is a highly opinionated framework: one of the pillars of The Rails Doctrine is the principle that "The menu is omakase". This is one of the keys to the framework's success, providing a welcoming environment for new developers as well as powerful tools for developing applications - as long as those applications are built The Rails Way.

This is great for rapidly developing prototypes, proof of concept or proof of market applications, or even smaller applications for content management, e-commerce, and so on. There are good reasons why Rails has made so much headway against established behemoths such as WordPress. That being said, many companies are using Rails to build applications that are much more ambitious, and at that scale the standard Rails patterns start to fall apart. Omakase is no longer just right.

Cuprum::Rails is intended to address two of the pain points of Big Rails. The first is architectural: any Rails developer of a certain age will remember the wars over Fat Controllers versus Fat Models. The rise of Service Objects provides a way forward, but in practice this can be something of a Wild West - everything gets dumped in an app/services directory, each file looks and works differently. The Cuprum gem is designed to provide a solution to this chaos. Defining a command gives you the benefits of encapsulation, control flow, and consistency - every command defines one #call method and returns a result.

The second benefit is reusability. Breaking down a controller into its constituent steps means you don't have to reimplement each of those steps each time you create a controller or add an action. You can define what it means to respond to an HTML or JSON request once, and modify it on a per-action basis when you need custom behavior. You can subclass the resourceful action commands to leverage basic controller functionality, such as performing filtered queries. And, of course, you gain all the benefits of decoupling commands from your controller - you can use the same functionality in a controller action, as an asynchronous job, or as a command-line function.

Cuprum::Rails is tested against Ruby (MRI) 3.1 through 3.3, and Rails 7.0 through 7.2.

Documentation is generated using YARD, and can be generated locally using the yard gem.

Copyright (c) 2021-2024 Rob Smith

Stannum is released under the MIT License.

The canonical repository for this gem is located at https://github.com/sleepingkingstudios/cuprum-rails.

To report a bug or submit a feature request, please use the Issue Tracker.

To contribute code, please fork the repository, make the desired updates, and then provide a Pull Request. Pull requests must include appropriate tests for consideration, and all code must be properly formatted.

Please note that the Cuprum::Collections project is released with a Contributor Code of Conduct. By contributing to this project, you agree to abide by its terms.

require 'cuprum/rails/records/collection'

A Cuprum::Rails::Records::Collection implements the Cuprum::Collections interface for ActiveRecord models. It defines a set of commands that implement persistence and query operations, and a #query method to directly perform queries on the data.

collection = Cuprum::Rails::Records::Collection.new(record_class: Book)

# Add an item to the collection.
steps do
  # Build the book from attributes.
  book = step do
    collection.build_one.call(
      attributes: { id: 10, title: 'Gideon the Ninth', author: 'Tamsyn Muir' }
    )
  end

  # Validate the book using its default validations.
  step { collection.validate_one.call(entity: book) }

  # Insert the validated book to the collection.
  step { collection.insert_one.call(entity: book) }
end

# Find an item by primary key.
book = step { collection.find_one.call(primary_key: 10) }

# Find items matching a filter.
books = step do
  collection.find_matching.call(
    limit: 10,
    order: [:author, { title: :descending }],
    where: lambda do
      published_at: greater_than('1950-01-01')
    end
  )
end

Initializing a collection requires the :record_class keyword, which should be a Class that inherits from ActiveRecord::Base. You can also specify some optional keywords:

• The :collection_name parameter sets the name of the collection. It is used to create an envelope for query commands, such as the FindMany, FindMatching and FindOne commands.
• The :default_contract parameter sets a default contract for validating collection entities. If no :contract keyword is passed to the ValidateOne command, it will use the default contract to validate the entity instead of the validation constraints defined for the model.
• The :member_name parameter is used to create an envelope for singular query commands such as the FindOne command. If not given, the member name will be generated automatically as a singular form of the collection name.
• The :primary_key_name parameter specifies the attribute that serves as the primary key for the collection entities. The default value is :id.
• The :primary_key_type parameter specifies the type of the primary key attribute. The default value is Integer.
• The :qualified_name parameter acts as a unique identifier for the collection. It is used as the unique key in repositories.

Structurally, a collection is a set of commands, which are instances of Cuprum::Command that implement a persistence or querying operation and wrap that operation with parameter validation and error handling. For more information on Cuprum commands, see the Cuprum gem.

The AssignOne command takes an attributes hash and a record, assigns the given attributes to the record, and returns the record.

book       = Book.new('id' => 10, 'title' => 'Gideon the Ninth', 'author' => 'Tamsyn Muir')
attributes = { 'title' => 'Harrow the Ninth', 'published_at' => '2020-08-04' }
result     = collection.assign_one.call(attributes: attributes, entity: entity)

result.value.class
#=> Book
result.value.attributes
#=> {
#     'id'           => 10,
#     'title'        => 'Harrow the Ninth',
#     'author'       => 'Tamsyn Muir',
#     'series'       => nil,
#     'category'     => nil,
#     'published_at' => '2020-08-04'
#   }

If the attributes hash includes one or more attributes that are not defined for that record class, the #assign_one command can return a failing result with an ExtraAttributes error.

The BuildOne command takes an attributes hash and returns a new record whose attributes are equal to the given attributes. This does not validate or persist the record; it is equivalent to calling record_class.new with the attributes.

attributes = { 'id' => 10, 'title' => 'Gideon the Ninth', 'author' => 'Tamsyn Muir' }
result     = collection.build_one.call(attributes: attributes, entity: entity)

result.value.class
#=> Book
result.value.attributes
#=> {
#     'id'           => 10,
#     'title'        => 'Gideon the Ninth',
#     'author'       => 'Tamsyn Muir',
#     'series'       => nil,
#     'category'     => nil,
#     'published_at' => nil
#   }

If the attributes hash includes one or more attributes that are not defined for that record class, the #build_one command can return a failing result with an ExtraAttributes error.

The DestroyOne command takes a primary key value and removes the record with the specified primary key from the collection.

result = collection.destroy_one.call(primary_key: 0)

collection.query.where(id: 0).exists?
#=> false

If the collection does not include a record with the specified primary key, the #destroy_one command will return a failing result with a NotFound error.

The FindMany command takes an array of primary key values and returns the records with the specified primary keys. The entities are returned in the order of the specified primary keys.

result = collection.find_many.call(primary_keys: [0, 1, 2])
result.value
#=> [
#     #<Book
#       id:           0,
#       title:        'The Hobbit',
#       author:       'J.R.R. Tolkien',
#       series:       nil,
#       category:     'Science Fiction and Fantasy',
#       published_at: '1937-09-21'
#     >,
#     #<Book
#       id:           1,
#       title:        'The Silmarillion',
#       author:       'J.R.R. Tolkien',
#       series:       nil,
#       category:     'Science Fiction and Fantasy',
#       published_at: '1977-09-15'
#     >,
#     #<Book
#       id:           2,
#       title:        'The Fellowship of the Ring',
#       author:       'J.R.R. Tolkien',
#       series:       'The Lord of the Rings',
#       category:     'Science Fiction and Fantasy',
#       published_at: '1954-07-29'
#     >
#   ]

The FindMany command has several options:

• The :allow_partial keyword allows the command to return a passing result if at least one of the entities is found. By default, the command will return a failing result unless an entity is found for each primary key value.

• The :envelope keyword wraps the result value in an envelope hash, with a key equal to the name of the collection and whose value is the returned entities array.

  result = collection.find_many.call(primary_keys: [0, 1, 2], envelope: true)
  result.value
  #=>  { books: [#<Book>, #<Book>, #<Book>] }

• The :scope keyword allows you to pass a query to the command. Only entities that match the given scope will be found and returned by #find_many.

If the collection does not include an entity with each of the specified primary keys, the #find_many command will return a failing result with a NotFound error.

The FindMatching command takes a set of query parameters and queries data from the collection. You can specify filters using the :where keyword or by passing a block, sort the results using the :order keyword, or return a subset of the results using the :limit and :offset keywords. For full details on performing queries, see Queries, below.

result =
  collection
  .find_matching
  .call(order: :published_at, where: { series: 'Earthsea' })
result.value
#=> [
#     #<Book
#       id:           7,
#       title:        'A Wizard of Earthsea',
#       author:       'Ursula K. LeGuin',
#       series:       'Earthsea',
#       category:     'Science Fiction and Fantasy',
#       published_at: '1968-11-01'
#     >,
#     #<Book
#       id:           8,
#       title:        'The Tombs of Atuan',
#       author:       'Ursula K. LeGuin',
#       series:       'Earthsea',
#       category:     'Science Fiction and Fantasy',
#       published_at: '1970-12-01'
#     >,
#     #<Book
#       id:           9,
#       title:        'The Farthest Shore',
#       author:       'Ursula K. LeGuin',
#       series:       'Earthsea',
#       category:     'Science Fiction and Fantasy',
#       published_at: '1972-09-01'
#     >
#   ]

The FindMatching command has several options:

• The :envelope keyword wraps the result value in an envelope hash, with a key equal to the name of the collection and whose value is the returned entities array.

  result = collection.find_matching.call(where: { series: 'Earthsea' }, envelope: true)
  result.value
  #=>  { books: [#<Book>, #<Book>, #<Book>] }

• The :limit keyword caps the number of results returned.

• The :offset keyword skips the specified number of results.

• The :order keyword specifies the order of results.

• The :scope keyword allows you to pass a query to the command. Only entities that match the given scope will be found and returned by #find_matching.

• The :where keyword defines filters for which results are to be returned.

The FindOne command takes a primary key value and returns the record with the specified primary key.

result = collection.find_one.call(primary_key: 1)
result.value
#=> #<Book
#     id:           1,
#     title:        'The Silmarillion',
#     author:       'J.R.R. Tolkien',
#     series:       nil,
#     category:     'Science Fiction and Fantasy',
#     published_at: '1977-09-15'
#   >

The FindOne command has several options:

• The :envelope keyword wraps the result value in an envelope hash, with a key equal to the singular name of the collection and whose value is the returned record.

  result = collection.find_one.call(primary_key: 1, envelope: true)
  result.value
  #=>  { book: #<Book> }

• The :scope keyword allows you to pass a query to the command. Only an entity that match the given scope will be found and returned by #find_one.

If the collection does not include a record with the specified primary key, the #find_one command will return a failing result with a NotFound error.

The InsertOne command takes a record and inserts that record into the collection.

book       = Book.new('id' => 10, 'title' => 'Gideon the Ninth', 'author' => 'Tamsyn Muir')
result     = collection.insert_one.call(entity: book)

result.value
#=> #<Book
#     id:           10,
#     title:        'Gideon the Ninth',
#     author:       'Tamsyn Muir',
#     series:       nil,
#     category:     nil,
#     published_at: nil
#   >

collection.query.where(id: 10).exists?
#=> true

If the collection already includes a record with the specified primary key, the #insert_one command will return a failing result with an AlreadyExists error.

The UpdateOne command takes a record and updates the corresponding record in the collection.

book   = collection.find_one.call(1).value
book   = book.assign_attributes('author' => 'John Ronald Reuel Tolkien')
result = collection.update_one(entity: book)

result.value
#=> #<Book
#     id:           1,
#     title:        'The Silmarillion',
#     author:       'J.R.R. Tolkien',
#     series:       nil,
#     category:     'Science Fiction and Fantasy',
#     published_at: '1977-09-15'
#   >

collection
  .query
  .where(title: 'The Silmarillion', author: 'John Ronald Reuel Tolkien')
  .exists?
#=> true

If the collection does not include a record with the specified records's primary key, the #update_one command will return a failing result with a NotFound error.

The ValidateOne command takes an entity and an optional Stannum contract. If the :contract keyword is given, the record is matched against the contract; otherwise, the record is matched using the native validations defined for the record class.

book   = Book.new('id' => 10, 'title' => 'Gideon the Ninth', 'author' => 'Tamsyn Muir')
result = collection.validate_one.call(entity: book)
result.success?
#=> true

If the contract does not match the entity, the #validate_one command will return a failing result with a ValidationFailed error.

require 'cuprum/rails/records/repository'

A Cuprum::Rails::Records::Repository is a group of Rails collections. A single repository might represent all or a subset of the tables in your database.

repository = Cuprum::Rails::Records::Repository.new
repository.key?('books')
#=> false

collection = repository.find_or_create(entity_class: Book)
#=> a Cuprum::Rails::Records::Collection
collection.collection_name
#=> 'books'
collection.qualified_name
#=> 'books'
repository['books']
#=> the books collection

If the model has a namespace, e.g. Authentication::User, the #collection_name will be based on the last name segment, while the #qualified_name will be based on the entire name.

repository = Cuprum::Rails::Records::Repository.new
repository.key?('authentication/users')
#=> false

collection = repository.find_or_create(entity_class: Authentication::User)
#=> a Cuprum::Rails::Records::Collection
collection.collection_name
#=> 'users'
collection.qualified_name
#=> 'authentication/users'
repository['authentication/users']
#=> the users collection

You can also pass the #collection_name and #qualified_name as parameters.

require 'cuprum/rails/controller'

Important Note

Cuprum::Rails is a pre-release gem, and there may be breaking changes between minor versions and until the API is finalized by version 1.0.0. The Controller API is particularly likely to experience changes as additional use cases are discovered and supported.

The Rails approach to controllers is to embrace Convention over Configuration. Cuprum::Rails::Controller inverts this pattern, using configuration to precisely define behavior.

class BooksController
  include Cuprum::Rails::Controller

  def self.resource
    @resource ||= Cuprum::Rails::Resource.new(
      collection:           Cuprum::Rails::Records::Collection.new(record_class: Book),
      permitted_attributes: %i[title author series category published_at],
      resource_class:       Book
    )
  end

  def self.serializers
    serializers       = super()
    json              = serializers.fetch(:json, {})
    record_serializer =
      Cuprum::Rails::Serializers::Json::ActiveRecordSerializer.instance

    serializers.merge(
      json: json.merge(ActiveRecord::Base => record_serializer)
    )
  end

  responder :html, Cuprum::Rails::Responders::Html::Resource
  responder :json, Cuprum::Rails::Responders::Json::Resource

  action :create,  Cuprum::Rails::Actions::Create
  action :destroy, Cuprum::Rails::Actions::Destroy, member: true
  action :edit,    Cuprum::Rails::Actions::Edit,    member: true
  action :new,     Cuprum::Rails::Actions::New
  action :index,   Cuprum::Rails::Actions::Index
  action :show,    Cuprum::Rails::Actions::Show,    member: true
  action :update,  Cuprum::Rails::Actions::Update,  member: true
end

Here, we are defining a typical Rails resourceful controller, which implements the CRUD actions for Books and responds to HTML and JSON requests. As you can see, Cuprum::Rails::Controller is a mix of Actions and configuration (the Resource, Responders, and Serializers). In a full application, some of that configuration (the responders and serializers) could be handled in an abstract base controller, such as an APIController that defined a JSON responder and serializers. Note also that the implementation of the actions happens elsewhere - the controller references existing commands to define the actions.

Each controller has three main points of configuration: a Resource, a set of Responders, and a set of Serializers.

The Resource provides some metadata about the controller, such as a #resource_name, a set of #routes, and whether the controller represents a singular or a plural resource. Generally speaking, each controller should have a unique resource, which is defined by overriding the .resource class method.

The Responders determine what request formats are accepted by the controller and how the corresponding responses are generated. Responders can and should be shared between controllers, and are defined using the .responder class method. .responder takes two parameters: a format, which should be either a string or a symbol (e.g. :json) and a responder_class, which will be used to generate responses for the specified format.

The Serializers are used in API responses (such as a JSON response) to convert application data into a serialized format. Cuprum::Rails defines a base set of serializers for simple data; applications can either set a generic serializer for records (as in BooksController, above) or set specific serializers for each record class on a per-controller basis. Serializers are defined by overriding the .serializers class method - make sure to call super() and merge the results, unless you specifically want to override the default values.

You can also define .default_format, which sets a default value for when the request does not specify a format. For example, a request to /api/books.html specifies the :html format, while there is no format specified for /api/books.

class BooksController
  default_format :html
end

A non-abstract controller should define at least one Action, corresponding to a page, process, or API endpoint for the application. Actions are defined using the .action class method, which takes two parameters: an action_name, which should be either a string or a symbol (e.g. :publish), and an action_class, which is a subclass of Cuprum::Rails::Action.

class BooksController
  action :published, Actions::Books::Published
end

In addition, .action accepts the following keywords:

• :member: If true, the action is a member action and acts on a member of the collection, rather than the collection as a whole. In a classic controller, the :edit, :destroy, :show, and :update actions are member actions.

class BooksController
  action :publish, Actions::Books::Publish, member: true
end

You can use middleware to insert functionality before, after, or around controller actions. Think of it as a supercharged alternative to the traditional Rails before_action and after_action hooks, but without the magic behavior. Use cases for middleware include:

• Authentication
• Logging
• Profiling

Middleware commands have a specific interface. See Middleware, below, for how to define your own middleware commands.

class BooksController
  middleware LoggingMiddleware
  middleware AuthenticationMiddleware, except: %i[index show]
  middleware ProfilingMiddleware,      only:   %i[create update]
end

Adding middleware to a controller is straightforward. In our example above, the LoggingMiddleware will run for all actions, the AuthenticationMiddleware will run for all actions except for :index and :show, and the ProfilingMiddleware will run for the :create and :update actions.

Each middleware command can have functionality that runs before, after, or around the action (and subsequent middleware). Code that runs before the action has access to the request:, and can modify the request passed to the next command or even skip the action and return its own result. Code that runs after the action has access to the request: and the action result, and can modify or replace the result.

The middleware is executed in the order it is defined. For the BooksController#create action, the code would run as follows:

1. LoggingMiddleware: Any code that executes before the action.
2. AuthenticationMiddleware: Any code that executes before the action.
3. ProfilingMiddleware: Any code that executes before the action.
4. Books::CreateAction
5. ProfilingMiddleware: Any code that executes after the action.
6. AuthenticationMiddleware: Any code that executes after the action.
7. LoggingMiddleware: Any code that executes after the action.

Code that runs before or around the action can skip the action and return its own result. For example, the AuthenticationMiddleware will check for a valid session. If there is not a valid session, it will return a failing result rather than calling the action. In this case, the code would run as follows:

1. LoggingMiddleware: Any code that executes before the action.
2. AuthenticationMiddleware: The session is not found, so the action is not called.
3. AuthenticationMiddleware: Any code that executes after the action.
4. LoggingMiddleware: Any code that executes after the action.

Inside a controller action, Cuprum::Rails splits up the responsibilities of responding to a request.

1. The Action
   1. The action_class is initialized, passing the controller resource to the constructor and returning the action.
   2. The action is wrapped with any middleware that is defined by the controller for that action.
   3. The controller #request is wrapped in a Cuprum::Rails::Request, which is passed to the action's #call method, returning the result.
2. The Responder
   1. The responder_class is found for the request based on the request's format and the configured responders.
   2. The responder_class is initialized with the action_name, controller_name, resource, and serializers, returning the responder.
   3. The responder is called with the action result, and finds a matching response based on the action name, the result's success or failure, and the result error (if any).
3. The Response
   1. The response is then called with the controller, which allows it to reference native Rails controller methods for rendering or redirecting.

Let's walk through this step by step. We start by making a POST request to /books, which corresponds to the BooksController#create endpoint with parameters { book: { title: 'Gideon the Ninth' } }.

1. The Action
   1. We initialize our configured action class, which is Cuprum::Rails::Actions::Index.
   2. We wrap the request in a Cuprum::Rails::Request, and call our action with the wrapped request. The action performs the business logic (building, validating, and persisting a new Book) and returns an instance of Cuprum::Result. In our case, the book's attributes are valid, so the result has a :status of :success and a value of { 'book' => #<Book id: 0, title: 'Gideon the Ninth'> }.
2. The Responder
   1. We're making an HTML request, so our controller will use the responder configured for the :html format. In our case, this is Cuprum::Rails::Responders::Html::Resource, which defines default behavior for responding to resourceful requests.
   2. Our Responders::Html::Resource is initialized, giving us a responder.
   3. The responder is called with our result. There is a match for a successful :create action, which returns an instance of Cuprum::Rails::Responses::Html::RedirectResponse with a path of /books/0.
3. The Response
   1. Finally, our response object is called. The RedirectResponse directs the controller to redirect to /books/0, which is the :show page for our newly created Book.

require 'cuprum/rails/action'

Cuprum::Rails extracts the business logic of controllers into dedicated Cuprum::Rails::Actions. Each action is a Cuprum::Command that is initialized with a Resource, called with a Request, and returns a Cuprum::Result that is then passed to the responder.

class PublishedBooks < Cuprum::Rails::Action
  private

  def process(request)
    super

    resource.collection.find_matching.call(order: params[:order]) do
      {
        'published_at' => not_equal(nil)
      }
    end
  end
end

Each action has access to the resource via the constructor, the request, and the request's params. Above, we are defining a simple action for returning books that have a non-nil publication date. Like any Cuprum::Command, the heart of the class is the #process method, which for an action takes the request as its sole parameter. Inside the method, we call super to setup the action. We then access the configured resource, which grants us access to the collection of books. Finally, we call the collection's find_matching command, with an optional ordering coming from the params.

The Cuprum::Rails::Actions::ResourceAction provides some helper methods for defining resourceful actions.

class PublishBook < Cuprum::Rails::Actions::ResourceAction
  private

  def process(request)
    super

    step { require_resource_id }

    book = step { collection.find_one.call(primary_key: resource_id) }

    book.published_at = DateTime.current

    step { collection.validate_one.call(entity: book) }

    step { collection.update_one.call(entity: book) }
  end
end

ResourceAction delegates #collection, #resource_name, and #singular_resource_name to the #resource. In addition, it defines the following helper methods. Each method returns a Cuprum::Result, so you can use the #step control flow to handle command errors.

• #resource_id: Returns params[:id].
• #resource_params: Filters params[singular_resource_name] and using resource.permitted_attributes.

Cuprum::Rails integrates with ActiveRecord to support database transactions. The #transaction method integrates native transactions with the Cuprum control flow:

class ReturnBook < Cuprum::Rails::Actions::ResourceAction
  private

  def books_collection
    @books_collection ||= repository['books']
  end

  def process(request)
    super

    step { require_resource_id }

    loan = step { collection.find_one.call(primary_key: resource_id) }

    transaction do
      step { return_book(loan.book_id) }

      step { collection.destroy_one.call(entity: loan) }
    end
  end

  def return_book(book_id)
    step do
      books_collection.assign_one.call(
        attributes: { 'borrowed' => false },
        entity: book
      )
    end

    books_collection.update_one.call(entity: book)
  end
end

Here, we are defining a custom action for returning a borrowed library book. Inside our transaction, we are defining two steps. First, we are marking the book as no longer borrowed, so other patrons will be able to check it out or request it. Second, we destroy the join model between the user and the book. If either of these steps returns a failing result, the transaction will automatically roll back.

If you do not want to roll back on a failed step, use the native ActiveRecord.transaction method instead.

Cuprum::Rails also provides some pre-defined actions to implement classic resourceful controllers. Each resource action calls one or more commands from the resource collection to query or persist the record or records.

The Create action passes the resource params to collection.build_one, validates the record using collection.validate_one, and finally inserts the new record into the collection using the collection.insert_one command. The action returns a Hash containing the created record.

action     = Cuprum::Rails::Actions::Create.new(resource)
attributes = { 'book' => { 'title' => 'Gideon the Ninth' } }
result     = action.call(request)
result.success?
#=> true
result.value
#=> { 'book' => #<Book title: 'Gideon the Ninth'> }

Book.where(title: 'Gideon the Ninth').exist?
#=> true

If the params do not include attributes for the resource, the action returns a failing result with a Cuprum::Rails::Errors::InvalidParameters error.

If the created record is not valid, the action returns a failing result with a Cuprum::Collections::Errors::FailedValidation error.

The Destroy action removes the record from the collection via collection.destroy_one. The action returns a Hash containing the deleted record.

action     = Cuprum::Rails::Actions::Destroy.new(resource)
attributes = { 'id' => 0 }
result     = action.call(request)
result.success?
#=> true
result.value
#=> { 'book' => #<Book id: 0> }

Book.where(id: 0).exist?
#=> false

If the params do not include a primary key for the resource, the action returns a failing result with a Cuprum::Rails::Errors::InvalidParameters error.

If the record with the given primary key does not exist, the action returns a failing result with a Cuprum::Collections::Errors::NotFound error.

The Edit action finds the record with the given primary key via collection.find_one and returns a Hash containing the found record.

action     = Cuprum::Rails::Actions::Edit.new(resource)
attributes = { 'id' => 0 }
result     = action.call(request)
result.success?
#=> true
result.value
#=> { 'book' => #<Book id: 0> }

If the params do not include a primary key for the resource, the action returns a failing result with a Cuprum::Rails::Errors::InvalidParameters error.

If the record with the given primary key does not exist, the action returns a failing result with a Cuprum::Collections::Errors::NotFound error.

The Index action performs a query on the records using collection.find_matching, and returns a Hash containing the found records. You can pass :limit, :offset, :order, and :where parameters to filter the results.

action     = Cuprum::Rails::Actions::Index.new(resource)
attributes = {
  'limit' => 3,
  'order' => { 'title' => :asc },
  'where' => { 'author' => 'Ursula K. LeGuin' }
}
result     = action.call(request)
result.success?
#=> true
result.value
#=> { 'books' => [#<Book>, #<Book>, #<Book>] }

The New action builds a new record with empty attributes using collection.build_one, and returns a Hash containing the new record.

action = Cuprum::Rails::Actions::New.new(resource)
result = action.call(request)
result.success?
#=> true
result.value
#=> { 'book' => #<Book> }

The Show action finds the record with the given primary key via collection.find_one and returns a Hash containing the found record.

action     = Cuprum::Rails::Actions::Show.new(resource)
attributes = { 'id' => 0 }
result     = action.call(request)
result.success?
#=> true
result.value
#=> { 'book' => #<Book id: 0> }

If the params do not include a primary key for the resource, the action returns a failing result with a Cuprum::Rails::Errors::InvalidParameters error.

If the record with the given primary key does not exist, the action returns a failing result with a Cuprum::Collections::Errors::NotFound error.

The Update action finds the record with the given primary key via collection.find_one, assigns the given attributes using collection.assign_one, validates the record using collection.validate_one, and finally updates the record in the collection using the collection.update_one command. The action returns a Hash containing the created record.

action     = Cuprum::Rails::Actions::Update.new(resource)
attributes = { 'id' => 0, 'book' => { 'title' => 'Gideon the Ninth' } }
result     = action.call(request)
result.success?
#=> true
result.value
#=> { 'book' => #<Book id: 0, title: 'Gideon the Ninth'> }

Book.find(0).title
#=> 'Gideon the Ninth'

If the params do not include a primary key and attributes for the resource, the action returns a failing result with a Cuprum::Rails::Errors::InvalidParameters error.

If the record with the given primary key does not exist, the action returns a failing result with a Cuprum::Collections::Errors::NotFound error.

If the updated record is not valid, the action returns a failing result with a Cuprum::Collections::Errors::FailedValidation error.

A middleware command takes two parameters. First, a next_command argument, which is the next item in the middleware chain (or the controller action if the middleware is the last one in the chain). Second, a request: keyword - this is the request passed down from the controller.

See Defining Middleware, above, for using middleware in a Cuprum::Rails::Controller, or see Cuprum for more information on middleware.

Each middleware class should be a subclass of Cuprum::Command and include Cuprum::Middleware. The constructor can optionally take either :repository and :resource keywords; if these are defined, they are passed the relevant controller property when the middleware is initialized.

class ExampleMiddleware < Cuprum::Command
  include Cuprum::Middleware

  def initialize(repository:, resource:)
    super()

    @repository = repository
    @resource   = resource
  end
end

Middleware commands can run before an action, similar to a native Rails before_action filter.

class AuthenticationMiddleware < Cuprum::Command
  include Cuprum::Middleware

  private def process(next_command, request:)
    step { Authentication::RequireUser.call(request: request) }

    super
  end
end

Here, we are creating a basic middleware command. We call our authentication command in a step, meaning that if the authentication command returns a failing result, we will immediately return that result. This means that our action will not run if the session is invalid.

If the authentication command returns a passing result, we call super to invoke the default behavior of Cuprum::Middleware. This calls next_command.call(request: request) to continue the middleware or invoke the action.

Likewise, middleware commands can run after an action, similar to a native Rails after_action filter.

class LoggingMiddleware < Cuprum::Command
  include Cuprum::Middleware

  private def process(next_command, request:)
    result = next_command.call(request: request)

    if result.success?
      Rails.logger.info(
        "Successful Request: controller: #{request.controller_name}, action:" \
          " #{request.action_name}"
      )
    else
      Rails.logger.error(
        "Failed Request: controller: #{request.controller_name}, action:" \
          " #{request.action_name}, error: #{result.error.as_json}"
      )
    end

    result
  end
end

This middleware is a little more complicated. Instead of intercepting the request before the action, here we are taking the result of the action and implementing some custom behavior based on the success or failure of the action. Finally, make sure to return the result.

Note that we are explicitly calling next_command.call(request: request) rather than relying on super. This is because super calls the next command inside a step, and will immediately return a failing result rather than continuing through #process. For our logging middleware, however, we actually want to handle both passing and failing results.

Finally, we can run middleware around an action, similiar to a native Rails around_action filter.

class ProfilingMiddleware < Cuprum::Command
  include Cuprum::Middleware

  private

  def process(next_command, request:)
    start_time = Time.current

    value = super(next_command, request: request)

    return if value.nil?

    end_time = Time.current

    value.merge('time_elapsed' => time_elapsed(start_time, end_time))
  end

  def time_elapsed(start_time, end_time)
    difference = ((end_time - start_time).round(3) * 1_000).to_i

    "#{difference} milliseconds"
  end
end

We start by capturing the current time, before the action is run. We then call the action via super; this means that the middleware will return immediately on a failed result. Once the action has run, we calculate how long the action took to run and merge that into the result value. In a production environment, we would probably pass that data to a monitoring service.

require 'cuprum/rails/request'

A Cuprum::Rails::Request is a value object that encapsulates the details of a controller request, such as the request format, the headers, and the parameters. Generally speaking, users should not instantiate requests directly; they are used as part of the Controller action lifecycle.

Each request defines the following properties:

• #authorization: The value of the "AUTHORIZATION" header, if any, as a String.
• #body_parameters: (also #body_params) The parameters derived from the request body, such as a JSON payload or form data. A Hash with String keys.
• #format: The format of the request as a Symbol, e.g. :html or :json.
• #headers: The request headers, as a Hash with String keys.
• #method: The HTTP method used for the request as a Symbol, e.g. :get or :post.
• #parameters: (also #params) The complete parameters for the request, including both params from the request body and from the query string. A Hash with String keys.
• #path: The relative path of the request, including query params.
• #path_parameters: (also #path_params) The path parameters for the request, minus the Rails-provided action and controller params. A Hash with String keys.
• #query_parameters: (also #query_params) The query parameters for the request. A Hash with String keys.

The request properties can also be accessed via the #[] method (using either String or Symbol keys), or updated via the #[]= method. The #properties method returns all of the request properties as a Hash.

require 'cuprum/rails/resource'

A Cuprum::Rails::Resource defines the configuration for a resourceful controller.

resource = Cuprum::Rails::Resource.new(
  collection:     Cuprum::Rails::Records::Collection.new(record_class: Book),
  resource_class: Book
)
resource.resource_name
#=> 'books'

A resource must be initialized with either a resource_class or a resource_name. It defines the following properties:

• #base_url: The base url for the collection, used when generating routes.
• #collection: A Cuprum::Collections collection, used to perform queries and persistence operations on the resource data. If not given and the collection has a #resource_class, then a Cuprum::Rails::Records::Collection is automatically generated.
• #resource_class: The Class of items in the resource.
• #resource_name: The name of the resource as a String. If the resource is initialized with a resource_class, the resource_name is derived from the given class.
• #routes: A Cuprum::Rails::Routes object for the resource. If not given, a default routes object is generated for the resource.
• #singular: If true, the resource is a singular resource (e.g. /user, as opposed to the plural /books resource). Also defines the #singular? and #plural predicates.

Each resource has a Cuprum::Rails::Routes object that represents the routes implemented for the controller. The routes are typically used in responders when generating the controller response (see Responders, below).

routes = Cuprum::Rails::Routes.new(base_path: '/books') do
  route :published, 'published'
  route :publish,   ':id/publish'
end
routes.published_path
#=> '/books/published'

Some routes include wildcards, such as the :publish route above which requires an :id wildcard; nested resources will require a wildcard value (the parent resource id) for all resourceful routes. Wildcards are assigned using the #with_wildcards method, which creates a copy of the routes object with the assigned wildcards.

routes.publish_path
#=> raises a Cuprum::Rails::Routes::MissingWildcardError exception
routes.with_wildcards(id: 0).publish_path
#=> /books/0/publish

Cuprum::Rails defines templates for defining resourceful routes for both singular and plural resources. These define the standard CRUD operations for a resource.

routes = Cuprum::Rails::Routing::PluralRoutes.new(base_path: '/books')
routes = routes.with_wildcards(id: 0)
routes.create_path
#=> '/books'
routes.destroy_path
#=> '/books'
routes.edit_path
#=> '/books/0/edit'
routes.index_path
#=> '/books'
routes.new_path
#=> '/books/new'
routes.show_path
#=> '/books/0'
routes.update_path
#=> '/books/0'

routes = Cuprum::Rails::Routing::SingularRoutes.new(base_path: '/book')
routes.create_path
#=> '/book'
routes.destroy_path
#=> '/book'
routes.edit_path
#=> '/book/edit'
routes.new_path
#=> '/book/new'
routes.show_path
#=> '/book'
routes.update_path
#=> '/book'

In a Cuprum::Rails controller, the responder is responsible for turning the action result into a response (see The Action Lifecycle, above). Each request format should have a dedicated responder, e.g. an HtmlResponder is used to respond to HTML requests.

class CustomResponder < Cuprum::Rails::Responders::HtmlResponder
  action :publish do
    match :success do
      redirect_to(resource.routes.show_path)
    end

    match :failure do
      render 'show'
    end
  end

  match :failure, error: Authorization::NotAuthorizedError do
    redirect_to(login_path)
  end

  private

  def login_path
    '/login'
  end
end

First, we are using the .action class method to define responses for the :publish action. If the result is successful, it redirects to the :show page. If the result is failing, it instead renders the :show page and assigns the error (if any) to @error. Next, we are using the .match class method to define a response for a failing result with an Authorization::NotAuthorizedError.

A result will be matched to a response in order of specificity:

• An .action clause with a matching error: (if any).
• A generic .match clause with a matching error:.
• An .action clause with a matching status, either :success or :failure.
• A generic .match clause with a matching status.

In our case, consider a :publish request that fails with an Authorization::NotAuthorizedError. The responder will first check for a clause matching both the action and the error. It will then check for a generic action response with the error, which the .match clause we defined. If the request failed with a different error, the responder would not find a match for the error, and would fall back to the generic :failure clause for the action. Finally, if there was no .action clause for the action, or the clause did not specify a :failure clause, it would perform the generic :failure clause for any action.

Cuprum::Rails also defines the following built-in responders:

Cuprum::Rails::Responders::HtmlResponder

Provides default responses for HTML requests.

• For a successful result, renders the template for the action and assigns the result value as local variables.
• For a failing result, redirects to the resource :index page (for a collection action) or the resource :show page (for a member action).

Cuprum::Rails::Responders::Html::Resource

Provides some additional response handling for resources.

If the resource is plural:

• For a failed #create result, renders the :new template.
• For a successful #create result, redirects to the :show page.
• For a successful #destroy result, redirects to the :show page.
• For a failed #index result, redirects to the root page.
• For a failed #update result, renders the :edit template.
• For a successful #update result, redirects to the :show page.

If the resource is singular:

• For a failed #create result, renders the :new template.
• For a successful #create result, redirects to the :show page.
• For a successful #destroy result, redirects to the parent resource.
• For a failed #update result, renders the :edit template.
• For a successful #update result, redirects to the :show page.

Cuprum::Rails::Responders::JsonResponder

Provides default responses for JSON requests.

• For a successful result, serializes the result value and generates a JSON object of the form { ok: true, data: serialized_value }.
• For a failing result, creates and serializes a generic error and generates a JSON object of the form { ok: false, error: serialized_error } and a status of 500 Internal Server Error. If the Rails environment is :development, it will instead serialize the error from the result.

Cuprum::Rails::Responders::Json::Resource

• For a successful #create result, serializes the result value with a status of 201 Created.
• For a failed result with an AlreadyExists error, serializes the error with a status of 422 Unprocessable Entity.
• For a failed result with a FailedValidation error, serializes the error with a status of 422 Unprocessable Entity.
• For a failed result with an InvalidParameters error, serializes the error with a status of 400 Bad Request.
• For a failed result with a NotFound error, serializes the error with a status of 404 Not Found.

Response objects implement the final step of the Action Lifecycle, and are returned when a Responder is #called. Each response class implements a specific type of response, such as an HTML redirect or a serialized JSON response, and encapsulates the data necessary to perform that response.

Internally, each response delegates to the renderer, which must be passed to the #call method. This delegation allows the response to abstract out the details of generating a response to the renderer. During the action lifecycle, the renderer will be the controller instance.

data     = {
  'ok'   => 'true',
  'data' => { 'book' => { 'title' => 'Gideon the Ninth' } }
}
response = Cuprum::Rails::Responses::JsonResponse.new(data: data)
renderer = instance_double(ActionController::Base, render: nil)

response.call(renderer)
expect(renderer).to have_received(:render).with(json: data)
#=> true

Responses should not be generated directly; they are created as part of the action lifecycle.

Cuprum::Rails defines the following responses:

Cuprum::Rails::Responses::Html::RedirectResponse

A response for an HTML redirect. Takes the redirect path and an optional :status keyword, and calls renderer.redirect_to.

Cuprum::Rails::Responses::Html::RenderResponse

A response for an HTML rendered view. Takes the template to render, as well as optional keywords for the :layout, the :status, and the :assigns to assign as local variables. Calls renderer.render.

Cuprum::Rails::Responses::JsonResponse

A response for a JSON request. Takes the serialized :data to return as well as an optional :status keyword. Calls renderer.render with the json: option.

Serializers convert entities and data structures into serialized data. Each serializer is specific to one format and one type of object - for example, the Cuprum::Rails::Serializers::Json::ErrorSerializer generates a JSON representation of a Cuprum::Error.

Serialization is context-specific - one controller may use one serializer for a particular record class, while another controller may use a limited set of attributes, such as an admin versus a user-facing controller. To handle this, the #call method must accept a :context keyword, which is an instance of Cuprum::Rails::Serializers::Context. Each context is initialized with a set of serializers that are used to serialize attributes, array items or hash values, associated models, or otherwise nested properties. All of this is handled automatically inside the controller action.

class StructSerializer < Cuprum::Rails::Serializers::JsonSerializer
  def call(struct, context:)
    struct.each_pair.with_object do |(key, value), hsh|
      hsh[key] = super(value, context: context)
    end
  end
end

serializer = StructSerializer.new
context    = Cuprum::Rails::Serializers::Context.new(
  serializers: Cuprum::Rails::Serializers::Json.default_serializers
)
struct     =
  Struct
  .new(:series, :author, :titles)
  .new('The Locked Tomb', 'Tamsyn Muir', ['Gideon the Ninth', 'Harrow the Ninth'])
serializer.call(struct, context: context)
#=> {
#     'series' => 'The Locked Tomb',
#     'author' => 'Tamsyn Muir',
#     'titles' => ['Gideon the Ninth', 'Harrow the Ninth']
#   }

Above, we define a custom serializer for serializing Struct instances. We then use the serializer on our Book-like struct by passing it to the #call method, along with a serialization context that contains the default JSON serializers. The #call method takes each pair of keys and values and calls super(), which finds the configured serializer for each value. In our case, the default serializer for a String returns the string, while the default serializer for an Array returns a new array whose items are the serialized array items. Finally, a Hash with String keys is generated, which is our Struct serialized into a JSON-compatible object.

Cuprum::Rails defines the following serializers:

Cuprum::Rails::Serializers::Json::Serializer

The base class for JSON serializers. Takes a configured context: and finds the serializer for the given object, then calls that serializer with the object and the given context.

The serializer for an object is determined based on the object's class. Specifically, for each ancestor of the object's class, the configured serializers are checked for a key matching that ancestor. If that class or module is a key in the configured hash, then the corresponding serializer is used to serialize the object. If the configured serializers do not include a serializer for any of the object class's ancestors, raises an UndefinedSerializerError.

Cuprum::Rails::Serializers::Json::AttributesSerializer

Serializes an object by finding and calling the configured serializer (see above) for each attribute defined for the serializer. See Attribute Serializers below.

Cuprum::Rails::Serializers::Json::ActiveRecordSerializer

Serializes an ActiveRecord model by delegating to the #as_json method. An alternative to defining a specific AttributeSerializer (see above) for each model class.

Cuprum::Rails::Serializers::Json::ArraySerializer

Serializes an Array by finding and calling the configured serializer for each array item (see above). This is the default serializer for Arrays.

Cuprum::Rails::Serializers::Json::ErrorSerializer

Serializes a Cuprum::Error by delegating to the #as_json method. This is the default serializer for errors.

Cuprum::Rails::Serializers::Json::HashSerializer

Serializes a Hash with String keys by finding and calling the configured serializer for each hash value (see above). This is the default serializer for Hashes.

Cuprum::Rails::Serializers::Json::IdentitySerializer

Serializes a value object by returning the object. This is the default serializer for nil, true, false, Integers, Floats, and Strings.

Attribute serializers define a set of attributes to be serialized. This is useful for whitelisting a specific set of attributes to return in the serialized object.

class RecordSerializer < Cuprum::Rails::Serializers::Json::AttributesSerializer
  attribute :id
end

class BookSerializer < RecordSerializer
  attributes \
    :title,
    :author,
    :series
end

class DetailedBookSerializer < BookSerializer
  attributes \
    :category,
    published_at: :iso8601
end


context = Cuprum::Rails::Serializers::Context.new(
  serializers: Cuprum::Rails::Serializers::Json.default_serializers
)
book    = Book.new(
  id:           0,
  title:        'Nona The Ninth',
  author:       'Tamsyn Muir',
  series:       'The Locked Tomb',
  category:     'Science Fiction and Fantasy',
  published_at: Date.new(2022, 9, 13)
)

BookSerializer.new.call(book, context: context)
#=> {
#     'id'     => 0,
#     'title'  => 'Nona The Ninth',
#     'author' => 'Tamsyn Muir',
#     'series' => 'The Locked Tomb'
#   }

DetailedBookSerializer.new.call(book, context: context)
#=> {
#     'id'           => 0,
#     'title'        => 'Nona The Ninth',
#     'author'       => 'Tamsyn Muir',
#     'series'       => 'The Locked Tombs',
#     'category'     => 'Science Fiction and Fantasy',
#     'published_at' => '2022-09-13'
#   }

Above, we define an abstract RecordSerializer and a BookSerializer, which inherits the :id attribute and defines the :title, :author, and :series attributes. When the book serializer is called, it serializes the values of each attribute using the configured serializers; any attributes that are not defined on the serializer are ignored.

We also define a DetailedBookSerializer which inherits from BookSerializer. This allows us to reuse the attributes defined for our basic book serializer.

Attribute serializers also inherit from PropertiesSerializer (see below), and can use the .property method. This allows the user to serialize compound properties, or to handle cases where the desired serialization key is different from the name of the attribute.

Property serializers define a set of properties to be serialized. This is useful for serializing data structures such as database models.

class EmployeeSerializer < Cuprum::Rails::Serializers::Json::PropertiesSerializer
  property :first_name, scope: :first_name
  property(:last_name, &:last_name)
  property(:full_name) { |user| "#{user.first_name} #{user.last_name}" }
  property(:hire_date, scope: :hire_date, &:iso8601)
  property :salary, serializer: BigDecimalSerializer.new
  property :department, scope: %i[department name]
end

context  = Cuprum::Rails::Serializers::Context.new(
  serializers: Cuprum::Rails::Serializers::Json.default_serializers
)
employee = Employee.new(
  first_name: 'Alan',
  last_name:  'Bradley',
  hire_date:  Date.new(1977, 5, 25)
  salary:     BigDecimal.new('100000')
  department: Department.new(name: 'Engineering')
)

EmployeeSerializer.new.call(employee, context: context)
#=> {
#     first_name: 'Alan',
#     last_name:  'Bradley',
#     full_name:  'Alan Bradley',
#     hire_date:  '1977-05-25',
#     salary:     '0.1e6',
#     department: 'Engineering'
#   }

Here, we're creating a serializer for our Employee model, which serializes each employee into a Hash with the configured property keys.

• The property name determines the key used to serialize the value in the resulting Hash.
• The :scope keyword determines the initial value to be serialized.
  • If the scope is nil, the object as a whole will be passed to the mapping and then the serializer.
  • If the scope is a String or a Symbol, then the value of the object property with that key will be mapped. Above, the first_name property is defined with scope: :first_name, so the initial value will be employee.first_name.
  • If the scope is an Array, then the value of the nested property at those keys will be mapped. Above, the department property is defined with scope: %i[department name], so the initial value will be employee.department.name.
• The :serializer keyword specifies how the mapped value is to be serialized. It should either be an instance of Cuprum::Rails::Serializers::BaseSerializer or a Proc that accepts two parameters: an object argument, and a :context keyword that is the current Cuprum::Rails::Serializers::Context.
• The block, if any, is used to map the scoped value before passing it to the serializer. Above, the full_name property is generated by combining the employee.first_name and employee.last_name.

When the property does not specify a scope, a serializer, or provide a block, it will raise an ArgumentError. This would otherwise serialize the object itself using the default serializers. If, for some reason, this is the desired behavior, pass an identity block or &:itself as the mapping block.