Draper: View Models for Rails

Draper adds an object-oriented layer of presentation logic to your Rails application.

Without Draper, this functionality might have been tangled up in procedural helpers or adding bulk to your models. With Draper decorators, you can wrap your models with presentation-related logic to organise - and test - this layer of your app much more effectively.

Imagine your application has an Article model. With Draper, you'd create a corresponding ArticleDecorator. The decorator wraps the model, and deals only with presentational concerns. In the controller, you decorate the article before handing it off to the view:

# app/controllers/articles_controller.rb
def show
  @article = Article.find(params[:id]).decorate
end

In the view, you can use the decorator in exactly the same way as you would have used the model. But whenever you start needing logic in the view or start thinking about a helper method, you can implement a method on the decorator instead.

Let's look at how you could convert an existing Rails helper to a decorator method. You have this existing helper:

# app/helpers/articles_helper.rb
def publication_status(article)
  if article.published?
    "Published at #{article.published_at.strftime('%A, %B %e')}"
  else
    "Unpublished"
  end
end

But it makes you a little uncomfortable. publication_status lives in a nebulous namespace spread across all controllers and view. Down the road, you might want to display the publication status of a Book. And, of course, your design calls for a slightly different formatting to the date for a Book.

Now your helper method can either switch based on the input class type (poor Ruby style), or you break it out into two methods, book_publication_status and article_publication_status. And keep adding methods for each publication type...to the global helper namespace. And you'll have to remember all the names. Ick.

Ruby thrives when we use Object-Oriented style. If you didn't know Rails' helpers existed, you'd probably imagine that your view template could feature something like this:

<%= @article.publication_status %>

Without a decorator, you'd have to implement the publication_status method in the Article model. That method is presentation-centric, and thus does not belong in a model.

Instead, you implement a decorator:

# app/decorators/article_decorator.rb
class ArticleDecorator < Draper::Decorator
  delegate_all

  def publication_status
    if published?
      "Published at #{published_at}"
    else
      "Unpublished"
    end
  end

  def published_at
    object.published_at.strftime("%A, %B %e")
  end
end

Within the publication_status method we use the published? method. Where does that come from? It's a method of the source Article, whose methods have been made available on the decorator by the delegate_all call above.

You might have heard this sort of decorator called a "presenter", an "exhibit", a "view model", or even just a "view" (in that nomenclature, what Rails calls "views" are actually "templates"). Whatever you call it, it's a great way to replace procedural helpers like the one above with "real" object-oriented programming.

Decorators are the ideal place to:

• format complex data for user display
• define commonly-used representations of an object, like a name method that combines first_name and last_name attributes
• mark up attributes with a little semantic HTML, like turning a url field into a hyperlink

As of version 4.0.0, Draper only officially supports Rails 5.2 / Ruby 2.4 and later. Add Draper to your Gemfile.

  gem 'draper'

After that, run bundle install within your app's directory.

If you're upgrading from a 0.x release, the major changes are outlined in the wiki.

Decorators inherit from Draper::Decorator, live in your app/decorators directory, and are named for the model that they decorate:

# app/decorators/article_decorator.rb
class ArticleDecorator < Draper::Decorator
# ...
end

To decorate a model in a namespace e.g. Admin::Catalogue place the decorator under the directory app/decorators/admin in the same way you would with views and models.

# app/decorators/admin/catalogue_decorator.rb
class Admin::CatalogueDecorator < Draper::Decorator
# ...
end

To create an ApplicationDecorator that all generated decorators inherit from, run...

rails generate draper:install

When you have Draper installed and generate a controller...

rails generate resource Article

...you'll get a decorator for free!

But if the Article model already exists, you can run...

rails generate decorator Article

...to create the ArticleDecorator.

If you don't want Rails to generate decorator files when generating a new controller, you can add the following configuration to your config/application.rb file:

config.generators do |g|
  g.decorator false
end

Normal Rails helpers are still useful for lots of tasks. Both Rails' provided helpers and those defined in your app can be accessed within a decorator via the h method:

class ArticleDecorator < Draper::Decorator
  def emphatic
    h.content_tag(:strong, "Awesome")
  end
end

If writing h. frequently is getting you down, you can add...

include Draper::LazyHelpers

...at the top of your decorator class - you'll mix in a bazillion methods and never have to type h. again.

(Note: the capture method is only available through h or helpers)

When writing decorator methods you'll usually need to access the wrapped model. While you may choose to use delegation (covered below) for convenience, you can always use the object (or its alias model):

class ArticleDecorator < Draper::Decorator
  def published_at
    object.published_at.strftime("%A, %B %e")
  end
end

Ok, so you've written a sweet decorator, now you're going to want to put it into action! A simple option is to call the decorate method on your model:

@article = Article.first.decorate

This infers the decorator from the object being decorated. If you want more control - say you want to decorate a Widget with a more general ProductDecorator - then you can instantiate a decorator directly:

@widget = ProductDecorator.new(Widget.first)
# or, equivalently
@widget = ProductDecorator.decorate(Widget.first)

If you have a collection of objects, you can decorate them all in one fell swoop:

@articles = ArticleDecorator.decorate_collection(Article.all)

If your collection is an ActiveRecord query, you can use this:

@articles = Article.popular.decorate

Note: In Rails 3, the .all method returns an array and not a query. Thus you cannot use the technique of Article.all.decorate in Rails 3. In Rails 4, .all returns a query so this techique would work fine.

If you want to add methods to your decorated collection (for example, for pagination), you can subclass Draper::CollectionDecorator:

# app/decorators/articles_decorator.rb
class ArticlesDecorator < Draper::CollectionDecorator
  def page_number
    42
  end
end

# elsewhere...
@articles = ArticlesDecorator.new(Article.all)
# or, equivalently
@articles = ArticlesDecorator.decorate(Article.all)

Draper decorates each item by calling the decorate method. Alternatively, you can specify a decorator by overriding the collection decorator's decorator_class method, or by passing the :with option to the constructor.

Some pagination gems add methods to ActiveRecord::Relation. For example, Kaminari's paginate helper method requires the collection to implement current_page, total_pages, and limit_value. To expose these on a collection decorator, you can delegate to the object:

class PaginatingDecorator < Draper::CollectionDecorator
  delegate :current_page, :total_pages, :limit_value, :entry_name, :total_count, :offset_value, :last_page?
end

The delegate method used here is the same as that added by Active Support, except that the :to option is not required; it defaults to :object when omitted.

will_paginate needs the following delegations:

delegate :current_page, :per_page, :offset, :total_entries, :total_pages

If needed, you can then set the collection_decorator_class of your CustomDecorator as follows:

class ArticleDecorator < Draper::Decorator
  def self.collection_decorator_class
    PaginatingDecorator
  end
end

ArticleDecorator.decorate_collection(@articles.paginate)
# => Collection decorated by PaginatingDecorator
# => Members decorated by ArticleDecorator

You can automatically decorate associated models when the primary model is decorated. Assuming an Article model has an associated Author object:

class ArticleDecorator < Draper::Decorator
  decorates_association :author
end

When ArticleDecorator decorates an Article, it will also use AuthorDecorator to decorate the associated Author.

You can call decorates_finders in a decorator...

class ArticleDecorator < Draper::Decorator
  decorates_finders
end

...which allows you to then call all the normal ActiveRecord-style finders on your ArticleDecorator and they'll return decorated objects:

@article = ArticleDecorator.find(params[:id])

By default, Draper will decorate all QueryMethods of ActiveRecord. If you're using another ORM, in order to support it, you can tell Draper to use a custom strategy:

Draper.configure do |config|
  config.default_query_methods_strategy = :mongoid
end

Decorators are supposed to behave very much like the models they decorate, and for that reason it is very tempting to just decorate your objects at the start of your controller action and then use the decorators throughout. Don't.

Because decorators are designed to be consumed by the view, you should only be accessing them there. Manipulate your models to get things ready, then decorate at the last minute, right before you render the view. This avoids many of the common pitfalls that arise from attempting to modify decorators (in particular, collection decorators) after creating them.

To help you make your decorators read-only, we have the decorates_assigned method in your controller. It adds a helper method that returns the decorated version of an instance variable:

# app/controllers/articles_controller.rb
class ArticlesController < ApplicationController
  decorates_assigned :article

  def show
    @article = Article.find(params[:id])
  end
end

The decorates_assigned :article bit is roughly equivalent to

def article
  @decorated_article ||= @article.decorate
end
helper_method :article

This means that you can just replace @article with article in your views and you'll have access to an ArticleDecorator object instead. In your controller you can continue to use the @article instance variable to manipulate the model - for example, @article.comments.build to add a new blank comment for a form.

Draper works out the box well, but also provides a hook for you to configure its default functionality. For example, Draper assumes you have a base ApplicationController. If your base controller is named something different (e.g. BaseController), you can tell Draper to use it by adding the following to an initializer:

Draper.configure do |config|
  config.default_controller = BaseController
end

Draper supports RSpec, MiniTest::Rails, and Test::Unit, and will add the appropriate tests when you generate a decorator.

Your specs are expected to live in spec/decorators. If you use a different path, you need to tag them with type: :decorator.

In a controller spec, you might want to check whether your instance variables are being decorated properly. You can use the handy predicate matchers:

assigns(:article).should be_decorated

# or, if you want to be more specific
assigns(:article).should be_decorated_with ArticleDecorator

Note that model.decorate == model, so your existing specs shouldn't break when you add the decoration.

In your Spork.prefork block of spec_helper.rb, add this:

require 'draper/test/rspec_integration'

If running tests in an engine setting with a controller other than "ApplicationController," set a custom controller in spec_helper.rb

config.before(:each, type: :decorator) do |example|
  Draper::ViewContext.controller = ExampleEngine::CustomRootController.new
end

In tests, Draper needs to build a view context to access helper methods. By default, it will create an ApplicationController and then use its view context. If you are speeding up your test suite by testing each component in isolation, you can eliminate this dependency by putting the following in your spec_helper or similar:

Draper::ViewContext.test_strategy :fast

In doing so, your decorators will no longer have access to your application's helpers. If you need to selectively include such helpers, you can pass a block:

Draper::ViewContext.test_strategy :fast do
  include ApplicationHelper
end

If you are writing isolated tests for Draper methods that call route helper methods, you can stub them instead of needing to require Rails.

If you are using RSpec, minitest-rails, or the Test::Unit syntax of minitest, you already have access to the Draper helpers in your tests since they inherit from Draper::TestCase. If you are using minitest's spec syntax without minitest-rails, you can explicitly include the Draper helpers:

describe YourDecorator do
  include Draper::ViewHelpers
end

Then you can stub the specific route helper functions you need using your preferred stubbing technique. This examples uses Rspec currently recommended API available in RSpec 3.6+

without_partial_double_verification do
  allow(helpers).to receive(:users_path).and_return('/users')
end

As mentioned before, Draper needs to build a view context to access helper methods. In MiniTest, the view context is cleared during before_setup preventing any view context leakage. In RSpec, the view context is cleared before each decorator, controller, and mailer spec. However, if you use decorators in other types of specs (e.g. job), you may still experience the view context leaking from the previous spec. To solve this, add the following to your spec_helper for each type of spec you are experiencing the leakage:

config.before(:each, type: :type) { Draper::ViewContext.clear! }

Note: The :type above is just a placeholder. Replace :type with the type of spec you are experiencing the leakage from.

You might have several decorators that share similar needs. Since decorators are just Ruby objects, you can use any normal Ruby technique for sharing functionality.

In Rails controllers, common functionality is organized by having all controllers inherit from ApplicationController. You can apply this same pattern to your decorators:

# app/decorators/application_decorator.rb
class ApplicationDecorator < Draper::Decorator
# ...
end

Then modify your decorators to inherit from that ApplicationDecorator instead of directly from Draper::Decorator:

class ArticleDecorator < ApplicationDecorator
  # decorator methods
end

When your decorator calls delegate_all, any method called on the decorator not defined in the decorator itself will be delegated to the decorated object. This includes calling super from within the decorator. A call to super from within the decorator will first try to call the method on the parent decorator class. If the method does not exist on the parent decorator class, it will then try to call the method on the decorated object. This is a very permissive interface.

If you want to strictly control which methods are called within views, you can choose to only delegate certain methods from the decorator to the source model:

class ArticleDecorator < Draper::Decorator
  delegate :title, :body
end

We omit the :to argument here as it defaults to the object being decorated. You could choose to delegate methods to other places like this:

class ArticleDecorator < Draper::Decorator
  delegate :title, :body
  delegate :name, :title, to: :author, prefix: true
end

From your view template, assuming @article is decorated, you could do any of the following:

@article.title # Returns the article's `.title`
@article.body  # Returns the article's `.body`
@article.author_name  # Returns the article's `author.name`
@article.author_title # Returns the article's `author.title`

If you need to pass extra data to your decorators, you can use a context hash. Methods that create decorators take it as an option, for example:

Article.first.decorate(context: {role: :admin})

The value passed to the :context option is then available in the decorator through the context method.

If you use decorates_association, the context of the parent decorator is passed to the associated decorators. You can override this with the :context option:

class ArticleDecorator < Draper::Decorator
  decorates_association :author, context: {foo: "bar"}
end

or, if you want to modify the parent's context, use a lambda that takes a hash and returns a new hash:

class ArticleDecorator < Draper::Decorator
  decorates_association :author,
    context: ->(parent_context){ parent_context.merge(foo: "bar") }
end

When you're using decorates_association, Draper uses the decorate method on the associated record(s) to perform the decoration. If you want use a specific decorator, you can use the :with option:

class ArticleDecorator < Draper::Decorator
  decorates_association :author, with: FancyPersonDecorator
end

For a collection association, you can specify a CollectionDecorator subclass, which is applied to the whole collection, or a singular Decorator subclass, which is applied to each item individually.

If you want your decorated association to be ordered, limited, or otherwise scoped, you can pass a :scope option to decorates_association, which will be applied to the collection before decoration:

class ArticleDecorator < Draper::Decorator
  decorates_association :comments, scope: :recent
end

If you want to proxy class methods to the wrapped model class, including when using decorates_finders, Draper needs to know the model class. By default, it assumes that your decorators are named SomeModelDecorator, and then attempts to proxy unknown class methods to SomeModel.

If your model name can't be inferred from your decorator name in this way, you need to use the decorates method:

class MySpecialArticleDecorator < Draper::Decorator
  decorates :article
end

This is only necessary when proxying class methods.

Once this association between the decorator and the model is set up, you can call SomeModel.decorator_class to access class methods defined in the decorator. If necessary, you can check if your model is decorated with SomeModel.decorator_class?.

Models get their decorate method from the Draper::Decoratable module, which is included in ActiveRecord::Base and Mongoid::Document by default. If you're using another ORM, or want to decorate plain old Ruby objects, you can include this module manually.

Active Job allows you to pass ActiveRecord objects to background tasks directly and performs the necessary serialization and deserialization. In order to do this, arguments to a background job must implement Global ID. Decorators implement Global ID. This means you can pass decorated objects to background jobs, and get them just as decorated when deserialized.

Draper was conceived by Jeff Casimir and heavily refined by Steve Klabnik and a great community of open source contributors.

• Alexander Senko (Alexander.Senko@gmail.com)
• Yuji Yaginuma (yuuji.yaginuma@gmail.com)

• Jeff Casimir (jeff@jumpstartlab.com)
• Steve Klabnik (steve@jumpstartlab.com)
• Vasiliy Ermolovich
• Andrew Haines
• Sean Linsley
• Cliff Braton (cliff.braton@gmail.com)