Umbrella Project: Knife

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This plugin adds additional functionality to the Chef Knife CLI tool for configuring / interacting with nodes running Microsoft Windows:

• Remote command execution using the WinRM protocol
• Utilities to configure WinRM SSL endpoints on managed nodes

Core Chef now supports bootstrapping Windows systems without a knife plugin

For more detail https://github.com/chef/chef/blob/master/RELEASE_NOTES.md#knife-bootstrap

This plugin provides the following Knife subcommands. Specific command options can be found by invoking the subcommand with a --help flag

The winrm subcommand allows you to invoke commands in parallel on a subset of the nodes in your infrastructure. The winrm subcommand uses the same syntax as the search subcommand; you could find the uptime of all your web servers using the command:

knife winrm "role:web" "net stats srv" -x Administrator -P 'super_secret_password'

Please note that to run a single command against multiple nodes, each node must share the same username and password.

Or force a chef run:

knife winrm "myserver.myorganization.net" "chef-client -c c:/chef/client.rb" -m -x Administrator -P "super_secret_password"
myserver.myorganization.net [Fri, 04 Mar 2011 22:00:49 +0000] INFO: Starting Chef Run (Version 0.9.12)
myserver.myorganization.net [Fri, 04 Mar 2011 22:00:50 +0000] WARN: Node ip-0A502FFB has an empty run list.
myserver.myorganization.net [Fri, 04 Mar 2011 22:00:53 +0000] INFO: Chef Run complete in 4.383966 seconds
myserver.myorganization.net [Fri, 04 Mar 2011 22:00:53 +0000] INFO: cleaning the checksum cache
myserver.myorganization.net [Fri, 04 Mar 2011 22:00:53 +0000] INFO: Running report handlers
myserver.myorganization.net [Fri, 04 Mar 2011 22:00:53 +0000] INFO: Report handlers complete

This subcommand operates in a manner similar to knife ssh...just leveraging the WinRM protocol for communication. It also includes knife ssh's "interactive session mode"

By default, knife winrm runs in a cmd.exe shell. You can use the --winrm-shell argument to change the shell to powershell or elevated. An elevated shell is similar to the powershell shell but the powershell command is executed from a scheduled task using a local identity. This may be desirable for some operations such as running chef-client to converge recipes that work with windows updates, install sql server, etc.

By default, the knife winrm subcommands use a plaintext transport, but they support an option --winrm-transport (or -t) with the argument ssl that allows the SSL to secure the WinRM payload. Here's an example:

knife winrm -t ssl "role:web" "net stats srv" -x Administrator -P "super_secret_password" -f ~/server_public_cert.crt

Use of SSL is strongly recommended, particularly when invoking knife-windows on non-Windows platforms, since without SSL there are limited options for ensuring the privacy of the plaintext transport. See the section on Platform authentication support.

SSL will become the default transport in future revisions of knife-windows.

Connects to the remote WSMan/WinRM endpoint and verifies the remote node is listening. This is the equivalent of running Test-Wsman from PowerShell. Endpoints to test can be specified manually, or be driven by search and use many of the same connection options as knife winrm. To test a single node using the default WinRM port (5985)

knife wsman test 192.168.1.10 -m

or to test a single node with SSL enabled on the default port (5986)

knife wsman test 192.168.1.10 -m --winrm-transport ssl

or to test all windows nodes registered with your Chef Server organization

knife wsman test platform:windows

Generates a certificate(x509) containing a public / private key pair for WinRM 'SSL' communication. The certificate will be generated in three different formats:

• .pem - The *.pem is Base64 encoded public certificate only. One can use this file with the -f argument on knife winrm command.
• .pfx - The PKCS12(i.e .pfx) contains both the public and private keys, usually used on the server. This can be added to a WinRM Server's Certificate Store using knife windows cert install (see command description below). Note: Do not use the *.pfx file with the -f argument on the knife winrm command. Use the *.pem file instead.
• .b64 - The *.b64 is Base64 PKCS12 key pair. Contains both the public and private keys, for upload to the Cloud REST API. e.g. Azure.

This command also displays the thumbprint of the generated certificate.

knife windows cert generate --cert-passphrase "strong_passphrase" --hostname "myserver.myorganization.net" --output-file "~/server_cert.pfx"
# This command will generate certificates in the user's home directory with names server_cert.b64, server_cert.pfx and server_cert.pem.

This command only functions on Windows and is intended to be run on a chef node. It adds the specified certificate to its certificate store. This command must include a valid PKCS12(i.e *.pfx) certificate file path such as the *.pfx file generated by knife windows cert generate described above.

knife windows cert install "~/server_cert.pfx" --cert-passphrase "strong_passphrase"

This command only functions on Windows and is intended to be run on a chef node. It creates the winrm listener for SSL communication(i.e HTTPS). This command can also install certificate which is specified using --cert-install option and use the installed certificate thumbprint to create winrm listener. --hostname option is optional. Default value for hostname is *.

knife windows listener create --cert-passphrase "strong_passphrase" --hostname "myserver.mydomain.net" --cert-install "~/server_cert.pfx"

The command also allows you to use existing certificates from local store to create winrm listener. Use --cert-thumbprint option to specify the certificate thumbprint.

knife windows listener create --cert-passphrase "strong_passphrase" --hostname "myserver.mydomain.net" --cert-thumbprint "bf0fef0bb41be40ceb66a3b38813ca489fe99746"

You can get the thumbprint for existing certificates in the local store using the following PowerShell command:

ls cert:\LocalMachine\My

Ruby 1.9.3+ is required.

This knife plugins requires >= Chef 11.0.0. More details about Knife plugins can be found in the Chef documentation.

The node must be running Windows Remote Management (WinRM) 2.0+. WinRM allows you to call native objects in Windows. This includes, but is not limited to, running PowerShell scripts, batch scripts, and fetching WMI data. For more information on WinRM, please visit Microsoft's WinRM site.

WinRM is built into Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008+. It can also be installed on older version of Windows, including:

• Windows Server 2003
• Windows Vista

NOTE: Before any WinRM related knife subcommands will function a node's WinRM installation must be configured correctly. The settings below must be added to your base server image or passed in using some sort of user-data mechanism provided by your cloud provider. Some cloud providers will set up the required WinRM configuration through the cloud API for creating instances -- see the documentation for the provider.

A server running WinRM must also be configured properly to allow outside connections for the entire network path from the knife workstation to the server. The easiest way to accomplish this is to use WinRM's quick configuration option:

winrm quickconfig -q

This will set up an WinRM listener using the HTTP (plaintext) transport -- WinRM also supports the SSL transport for improved robustness against information disclosure and other threats.

The chef-client installation may take more memory than the default 150MB WinRM allocates per shell on older versions of Windows (prior to Windows Server 2012) -- this can slow it down or cause it to fail. The memory limit was increased to 1GB with Windows Management Framework 3 (and Server 2012). However, there is a bug in Windows Management Framework 3 (and Server 2012) which requires a hotfix from Microsoft. You can increase the memory limit to 1GB with the following PowerShell command:

    set-item wsman:\localhost\shell\maxmemorypershellmb 1024

Commands can take longer than the WinRM default 60 seconds to complete, optionally increase to 30 minutes if terminates a command prematurely:

    set-item wsman:\localhost\MaxTimeoutms 300000

Note that the winrm command itself supports the same configuration capabilities as the PowerShell commands given above -- if you need to configure WinRM without using PowerShell, use winrm -? to get help.

WinRM supports both the HTTP and HTTPS (SSL) transports and the following authentication schemes: Kerberos, Digest, Certificate and Basic. The details of these authentication transports are outside of the scope of this README but details can be found on the WinRM configuration guide.

If you are attempting to use knife winrm with a version of windows that is older than server 2008 R2 or older than Windows 7 then you may need to alter the default UTF-8 codepage (65001) using the --winrm-codepage argument. You can use the codepage native to your locale but 437 is a safe codepage for older Windows versions.

WinRM supports use of SSL to provide privacy and integrity of communication using the protocol and to prevent spoofing attacks.

knife-windows includes three commands to assist with SSL configuration -- these commands support all versions of Windows and do not rely on PowerShell:

• knife windows cert generate: creates a certificate that may be used to configure an SSL WinRM listener

• knife windows cert install: Installs a certificate into the Windows certificate store so it can be used to configure an SSL WinRM listener.

• knife windows listener create: Creates a WinRM listener on a Windows node -- it can use either a certificate already installed in the Windows certificate store, or one created by other tools including the knife windows cert generate command.

Here is an example that configures a listener on the node on which the commands are executed:

knife windows cert generate --domain myorg.org --output-file $env:userprofile/winrmcerts/winrm-ssl
knife windows listener create --hostname *.myorg.org --cert-install $env:userprofile/winrmcerts/winrm-ssl.pfx

Note that the first command which generates the certificate for the listener could be executed from any system that can run knife as long as the certificate it generates is made available at a path at which the second command can access it.

See previous sections for additional details of the windows cert generate, windows cert install and windows listener create subcommands.

The following PowerShell commands may be used to create an SSL WinRM listener with a self-signed certificate on Windows 2012R2 or later systems:

$cert = New-SelfSignedCertificate -DnsName 'myserver.mydomain.org' -CertStoreLocation Cert:\LocalMachine\My
new-item -address * -force -path wsman:\localhost\listener -port 5986 -hostname ($cert.subject -split '=')[1] -transport https -certificatethumbprint $cert.Thumbprint
# Open the firewall for 5986, the default WinRM SSL port
netsh advfirewall firewall set rule name="Windows Remote Management (HTTPS-In)" profile=public protocol=tcp localport=5986 remoteip=localsubnet new remoteip=any

Note that the first command which uses the New-SelfSignedCertificate cmdlet is available only in PowerShell version 4.0 and later.

The following command can configure an SSL WinRM listener if the Windows certificate store's Local Machine store contains a certificate that meets certain criteria that are most likely to be met if the system is joined to a Windows Active Directory domain:

winrm quickconfig -transport:https -q

If the criteria are not met, an error message will follow with guidance on the certificate requirements; you may need to obtain a certificate from the appropriate source or use the PowerShell or knife techniques given above to create the listener instead.

In the SSL examples above, the -f parameter was used to supply a certificate that could validate the identity of the remote server. For debugging purposes, this validation may be skipped if you have not obtained a public certificate that can validate the server. Here is an example:

knife winrm -m 192.168.0.6 -x "mydomain\myuser" -P $PASSWD -t ssl --winrm-ssl-verify-mode verify_none ipconfig

This option should be used carefully since disabling the verification of the remote system's certificate can subject knife commands to spoofing attacks.

If you generate a self-signed cert, the fqdn and ip may not match which will result in a certificate validation failure. In order to securely connect and reduce the risk of a "Man In The Middle" attack, you may use the certificate's fingerprint to precisely identify the known certificate on the WinRM endpoint.

The fingerprint can be supplied to --ssl-peer-fingerprint and instead of using a certificate chain and comparing the CommonName, it will only verify that the fingerprint matches:

knife winrm --ssl-peer-fingerprint 89255929FB4B5E1BFABF7E7F01AFAFC5E7003C3F \
	      -m $IP -x Administrator -P $PASSWD-t ssl --winrm-port 5986 hostname
	10.113.4.54 ip-0A710436

The default authentication protocol for knife-windows subcommands that use WinRM is the Negotiate protocol. The following commands show authentication for domain and local accounts respectively:

knife winrm -m web1.cloudapp.net -x "proddomain\webuser" -P "super_secret_password"
knife winrm -m db1.cloudapp.net -x "localadmin" -P "super_secret_password"

The remote system may also be configured with an SSL WinRM listener instead of a plaintext listener. Then the above commands should be modified to use the SSL transport as follows using the -t (or --winrm-transport) option with the ssl argument:

knife winrm -m web1.cloudapp.net -t ssl -x "proddomain\webuser" -P "super_secret_password" -f ~/mycert.crt
knife winrm -m db1.cloudapp.net -t ssl -x "localadmin" -P "super_secret_password" ~/mycert.crt

Unencrypted traffic with Basic authentication should only be used for low level wire protocol debugging. The configuration for plain text connectivity to the remote system may be accomplished with the following PowerShell commands:

set-item wsman:\localhost\service\allowunencrypted $true
set-item wsman:\localhost\service\auth\basic $true

To use basic authentication connectivity via knife-windows, the default authentication protocol of Negotiate must be overridden using the --winrm-authentication-protocol option with the desired protocol, in this case Basic:

knife winrm -m web1.cloudapp.net --winrm-authentication-protocol basic ipconfig -x localadmin -P "super_secret_password"

Note that when using Basic authentication, domain accounts may not be used for authentication; an account local to the remote system must be used.

knife-windows supports Kerberos, Negotiate, and Basic authentication for WinRM communication.

The following table shows the authentication protocols that can be used with knife-windows depending on whether the knife workstation is a Windows system, the transport, and whether or not the target user is a domain user or local to the target Windows system.

* There is a known defect in the knife winrm winrm` subcommands invoked on any OS platform when authenticating with the Negotiate protocol over the SSL transport. The defect is tracked by knife-windows issue #176: If the remote system is domain-joined, local accounts may not be used to authenticate via Negotiate over SSL -- only domain accounts will work. Local accounts will only successfully authenticate if the system is not joined to a domain.

This is generally not an issue for bootstrap scenarios, where the system has yet to be joined to any domain, but can be a problem for remote management cases after the system is domain joined. Workarounds include using a domain account instead or bypassing SSL and using Negotiate authentication.

• Windows 2008R2 and earlier versions require an extra configuration for MaxTimeoutms to avoid WinRM::WinRMHTTPTransportError: Bad HTTP response error while bootstrapping. It should be at least 300000.

  set-item wsman:\\localhost\\MaxTimeoutms 300000

• When I run the winrm command I get: "Error: Invalid use of command line. Type "winrm -?" for help." You're running the winrm command from PowerShell and you need to put the key/value pair in single quotes. For example:

  winrm set winrm/config/winrs '@{MaxMemoryPerShellMB="1024"}'

• If you receive a timeout when trying to connect to your instance for the first time, make sure your Firewall setting is permissive enough.

  netsh advfirewall firewall set rule name="Windows Remote Management (HTTP-In)" profile=public protocol=tcp localport=5985 remoteip=localsubnet new remoteip=any

If you are spinning up AWS instances to test against, you can use the following user data when spinning up your instances:

<powershell>
$logfile="C:\\Program Files\\Amazon\\Ec2ConfigService\\Logs\\kitchen-ec2.log"
# Allow script execution
Set-ExecutionPolicy -ExecutionPolicy RemoteSigned -Force
# PS Remoting and & winrm.cmd basic config
Enable-PSRemoting -Force -SkipNetworkProfileCheck
& winrm.cmd set winrm/config '@{MaxTimeoutms="1800000"}' >> $logfile
& winrm.cmd set winrm/config/winrs '@{MaxMemoryPerShellMB="1024"}' >> $logfile
& winrm.cmd set winrm/config/winrs '@{MaxShellsPerUser="50"}' >> $logfile
#Server settings - support username/password login
& winrm.cmd set winrm/config/winrs '@{MaxMemoryPerShellMB="1024"}' >> $logfile
# Firewall Config
& netsh advfirewall firewall set rule name="Windows Remote Management (HTTP-In)" profile=public protocol=tcp localport=5985 remoteip=localsubnet new remoteip=any  >> $logfile
</powershell>

Please file bugs against the KNIFE_WINDOWS project at https://github.com/chef/knife-windows/issues.

More information on the contribution process for Chef projects can be found in the Chef Contributions document.

Author:: Seth Chisamore (schisamo@chef.io) Copyright:: Copyright (c) 2015-2016 Chef Software, Inc. License:: Apache License, Version 2.0

Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at

http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.