LabTech!

Rails engine for using GitHub's 'Scientist' library with ActiveRecord, for those of us not operating apps at ROFLscale

Please go read Scientist's amazing README. This tool won't make any sense until you understand what Scientist is for and how it works.

If conference videos are your thing, Jesse Toth's "Easy Rewrites With Ruby and Science!" from RubyConf 2014 is well worth your time as well.

NOTE: our examples assume that you have access to the Rails production console. If you work at a company that locks this down, you'll need to write an administrative back-end UI to enable and disable experiments and review them for accuracy and performance. (Please feel free to send those back to us in a pull request; we simply haven't needed them for ourselves, so they don't exist yet.)

Scientist is a great tool for trying out changes where:

• comprehensive test coverage is impractical
• your test suite doesn't give you sufficient confidence in your changes
• you want detailed performance data on your proposed alternative(s)

Scientist is amazing at generating data, but it assumes you'll develop your own tools for recording and analyzing it. Scientist's README examples show interactions with StatsD and Redis, but if you're working in a Rails app, odds are pretty darn good that:

1. you already have access to a RDBMS and ActiveRecord, and
2. your throughput isn't so huge that some extra database writes will bring said RDBMS to its knees.

If both of those assumptions are true for your application, LabTech might be a good fit for you -- it records experimental results to the database so they're easy to query later using ActiveRecord.

(If you're legitimately worried about the I/O load on your RDBMS, you can always ramp up your LabTech experiments a percentage point or two at a time, keeping an eye on your performance monitoring tools and scaling back as needed.)

Once you've installed the gem and run its migrations (as described in "Installation", below), you can start running experiments.

For the purposes of this README, let's say we have a Customer Relationship Manager (CRM) that lets its users search for leads using some predefined set of criteria (name, location, favorite food, whatever). (Any resemblance to an actual SaaS product we sell here at Real Geeks is... purely coincidental.)

Let's say, too, that the code behind that search started out sort of okay, but it got worse and worse over time until someone decided it was time for a full rewrite. The old search code lives in a method named Lead.search, but we've been working on a replacement that lives in SpiffySearch.leads. The tests for SpiffySearch are in great shape, and we're confident that we won't be causing any 500 errors -- but we'd like to use a tool like Scientist to make sure that SpiffySearch returns the same results in the same order our users expect.

Stand back -- we're going to try SCIENCE!

The first thing we need is a name for our experiment -- let's just go with "spiffy-search".

LabTech.science "spiffy-search" do |exp|
  exp.use { Lead.search(params[:search]) }        # control
  exp.try { SpiffySearch.leads(params[:search]) } # candidate
end

Within the block, exp is an object that includes the Scientist::Experiment module, so we can use any and all of the tools in the Scientist README.

However, I want to call out a few specific ones as being extremely useful for this sort of thing. When working with code that returns interesting objects, it's a Very Good Idea™ to make use of the clean method on the experiment. It's probably also good to override the default comparison and to provide some context for the experiment, so let's just redo that block with that in mind:

LabTech.science "spiffy-search" do |exp|
  exp.context params: params.to_h

  exp.use { Lead.search(params[:search]) }        # control
  exp.try { SpiffySearch.leads(params[:search]) } # candidate

  exp.compare {|control, candidate| control.map(&:id) == candidate.map(&:id) }
  exp.clean { |records| records.map(&:id) }
end

Now that that's done, we can safely commit and deploy this code. As soon as that code starts getting run, we'll see a new LabTech::Experiment record in the database. However, the candidate block will never run, because LabTech::Experiment records are disabled by default.

In order to enable the experiment, we'll need to go into the Rails production console and run:

LabTech.enable "spiffy-search"

If we have particularly high search volume and we only want to run the experiment on a fraction of our requests, the .enable method takes an optional :percent keyword argument, which accepts an integer in the range (0..100). So to sample only, say, 3% of our searches (selected at random), we could run this instead:

LabTech.enable "spiffy-search", percent: 3

At this point, if you have the table_print gem installed, you can get a quick overview of all of your experiments by running:

tp LabTech::Experiment.all

Either way, if you want more details on how the experiment is running, you can run:

tp LabTech.summarize_results "spiffy-search"

This will print a terminal-friendly summary of your experimental results. I'll talk more about this summary later, but for now, let's say we were overconfident, and there's a bug in SpiffySearch that's raising an exception. The summary will have a line that looks like this:

22 of 22 (100.00%) raised errors

Ruh roh!

We run this to see what's up:

LabTech.summarize_errors "spiffy-search"

And we see something that looks like this, only longer:

====================================================================================================
Comparing results for smoke-test:


----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Result #1
  * RuntimeError:  nope
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Result #2
  * RuntimeError:  nope
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

====================================================================================================

If you want to see individual backtraces, you can do so by finding and inspecting indvididual records in the Rails console. For now, though, let's say we know where the error is...

There's no point continuing to collect those exceptions, so we might as well turn the experiment back off:

LabTech.disable "spiffy-search"

We fix the exception, deploy the new code, and now we want to start the experiment over again. We don't want the previous exceptions cluttering up our new results, so let's clear out all those observations:

exp = LabTech::Experiment.named("spiffy-search")
exp.purge_data

(Yes, this is a slightly more cumbersome interface than enabling or summarizing an experiment. While deleting data is sometimes necessary, we don't want to make it easy to do accidentally.)

This time, the output from LabTech.summarize_results "spiffy-search" looks more like this:

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Experiment: smoke-test
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Earliest results: 2019-08-21T11:00:41-10:00
Latest result:    2019-08-21T11:23:31-10:00 (23 minutes)

103 of 106 (97.16%) correct
2 of 106 (1.88%) mismatched
1 of 106 (0.94%) timed out

Median time delta: +0.000s  (90% of observations between -0.000s and +0.000s)

Speedups (by percentiles):
      0%  [           █             ·                         ]    -3.1x
      5%  [             █           ·                         ]    -2.8x
     10%  [             █           ·                         ]    -2.6x
     15%  [              █          ·                         ]    -2.5x
     20%  [              █          ·                         ]    -2.4x
     25%  [               █         ·                         ]    -2.3x
     30%  [               █         ·                         ]    -2.2x
     35%  [                █        ·                         ]    -2.1x
     40%  [                █        ·                         ]    -2.0x
     45%  [                         ·    █                    ]    +1.2x faster
     50%  [ · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · █ · · · · · · · · ]    +1.8x faster
     55%  [                         ·        █                ]    +2.0x faster
     60%  [                         ·        █                ]    +2.1x faster
     65%  [                         ·         █               ]    +2.2x faster
     70%  [                         ·         █               ]    +2.4x faster
     75%  [                         ·          █              ]    +2.6x faster
     80%  [                         ·          █              ]    +2.6x faster
     85%  [                         ·           █             ]    +2.7x faster
     90%  [                         ·           █             ]    +2.8x faster
     95%  [                         ·            █            ]    +3.0x faster
    100%  [                         ·                        █]    +6.7x faster
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

First off, we see a summary of the time range represented in this experiment. This is a very simple "first result to last result" view that does not take into account when the experiment was enabled.

Next, we see some counts. An individual run of an experiment may have one of four outcomes:

• "correct" means that both control and candidate were considered equivalent
• "mismatched" means that the candidate returned a different value than the control
• "timed out" means that the experiment's run raised a Timeout::Error
• "raised error" means that the experiment's run raised anything other than Timeout::Error

After the counts, we see a bunch of performance data, starting with a line that says "Median time delta" and includes the 5th and 95th percentile time deltas as well. "Time delta" just means the difference in execution time between the control and the candidate: negative values are faster, and positive values are slower. (The 5th and 95th percentiles are deliberately chosen to keep us from worrying too much about extreme values that might be outliers.)

The rest of the output is taken up by a chart that attempts to provide a handy visual chart showing whether the candidate is faster or slower than the control. Because it can be hard to remember what the signs signify, this also includes the word "faster" when the candidate was faster than the control.

At this point, we might be curious about any mismatches, and want to investigate those. Unfortunately, the chart I showed above was edited by hand to show what the output might look like if mismatches were present, but as of this writing I don't actually have any mismatches to show you. (I promise that's not a humblebrag.)

However, you can get a quick, if EXTREMELY VERBOSE, listing of the first few mismatches by running:

LabTech.compare_mismatches "spiffy-search", limit: 3

(To view all mismatches, just leave off the limit: 3.)

You have the ability to customize the output of this by passing a block that takes a "control" parameter followed by a "candidate" parameter; the return value of that block will be printed to the console. How you do this will largely depend on the kind of data you're collecting to validate your experiments. There are several examples in the lib/lab_tech.rb file; I encourage you to check them out.

If you have errors to inspect as well, you can view these with:

LabTech.summarize_errors "spiffy-search"

Note that the summarize_errors method also takes an optional :limit keyword argument.

If you're working with complex data, you might not want to recompute the diffs from console. As such, LabTech adds a .diff method to the experiment. If you call this with a block, that block will be passed the control and candidate for each candidate, and its result will be stored on the LabTech::Observation record. (See the "diff-generating behavior" spec in spec/models/lab_tech/experiment_spec.rb for examples.)

Scientist supports experiments with more than one candidate at a time, and therefore so does LabTech -- it will record as many candidates as you throw at it. However, if you have multiple candidates, we don't have a good way to generate performance charts to compare all of the alternatives, so LabTech just doesn't bother printing them. If you try this, you're on your own. (But do let us know how it goes, and feel free to submit a PR if you find a good solution!)

NOTE: As this gem is a Rails engine, we assume you have a Rails application to include it in.

Add this line to your application's Gemfile:

gem 'lab_tech'

And then execute:

$ bundle

Or install it yourself as:

$ gem install lab_tech

Once the gem is installed, run this from your application's root (possibly with the bundle exec or bin/ prefix, or whatever else may be dictated by your local custom and practice):

rails lab_tech:install:migrations db:migrate

The output from that command should look like this:

Copied migration 20190822175815_create_experiment_tables.lab_tech.rb from lab_tech
== 20190822175815 CreateExperimentTables: migrating ===========================
-- create_table("lab_tech_experiments")
-> 0.0147s
-- create_table("lab_tech_results")
-> 0.0152s
-- create_table("lab_tech_observations")
-> 0.0109s
== 20190822175815 CreateExperimentTables: migrated (0.0410s) ==================

Once that's done, you should be good to go! See the "Usage" section, above.

LabTech stores Observation#value as a Rails serialized field, which uses Psych.safe_load. Psych.safe_load raises exceptions when deserializing data of an unpermitted class. LabTech requires permitting the following classes using config.active_record.yaml_column_permitted_classes:

• ActiveSupport::Duration
• ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone
• ActiveSupport::TimeZone
• Symbol
• Time

Note: this list is almost certainly incomplete!

If you discover new ones, please submit an issue or PR. (There's also a list in ./lib/lab_tech/engine.rb that should be considered canonical.)

Bug reports and pull requests are welcome on GitHub at https://github.com/RealGeeks/lab_tech.

It's probably a good idea to open a GitHub issue to start a conversation before undertaking any significant amount of work -- though, as always with F/OSS code, you're perfectly welcome to fork the gem and use your modified version at any time.

This project is intended to be a safe, welcoming space for collaboration. While we have not yet formally adopted a code of conduct, it's probably a Very Good Idea to act in accordance with the Contributor Covenant.

The gem is available as open source under the terms of the MIT License.