Pipes

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Pipes is a Redis-backed concurrency management system designed around Resque. It provides a DSL for defining "stages" of a process. Each (Resque) job in the stage can be run concurrently, but all must finish before subsequent stages are run.

Conceivably, Pipes is a lightweight, advanced Resque queue. It can be dropped right in place of Resque.

At Factory Labs, we work on a system for which we must deploy static HTML files. We must render any number of HTML pages, assets, .htaccess files, etc so the static HTML-based site can run on Apache.

Here's a simplified look at our stages:

Stage 1

• Publish HTML files.
• Publish assets.
• Publish .htaccess.

Stage 2

• rsync files to another server.
• Upload assets to a CDN.

Stage 3

• Activate rynced files.
• Email people about deploy.

We want to ensure that all of Stage 1 is finished before Stage 2 begins, and likewise for Stage 3. However, the individual components of each stage can execute asynchronously, we just want to make sure they converge when all is finished.

This can be visualized as follows:

Add this line to your application's Gemfile:

gem 'pipes'

And then execute:

$ bundle

Or install it yourself as:

$ gem install pipes

Pipes assumes you're conforming to the Resque API in your jobs, so you might have the following:

module Writers
  class HTMLWriter
    @queue = :content_writers

    def self.perform(url = 'http://localhost:3000/')
      # ... fetch URL and save HTML ...
    end
  end
end

You'll generally need to do two things when working with Pipes:

1. Define a set of stages.
2. Run the jobs.

Let's look at these two steps individually.

As part of the configuration process, you'll want to define your stages:

Pipes.configure do |config|
  config.stages do
    # Stage 1
    content_writers [
      Writers::HTMLWriter,
      Writers::AssetWriter,
      Writers::HtaccessWriter
    ]

    # Stage 2
    publishers [
      Publishers::Rsyncer,
      Publishers::CDNUploader
    ]

    # Stage 3
    notifiers [
      Notifiers::FileActivator
      Notifiers::Emailer
    ]
  end
end

There's more advanced ways of defining stages, more on that later.

Stages are ordered lexically. That is, the order in which you define your stages in the config determines the order they will be run.

The name of the stage is arbitrary. Above, we have content_writers, publishers and notifiers, though there's no significant meaning. The name of the stage can be later extracted and presented to the user or referenced as a symbol.

Once your configuration is set up, you can fire off the jobs.

The Pipes API is designed to mimic Resque:

Pipes.enqueue([Writers::HTMLWriter, Publishers::Rsyncer])

The above line essentially says "here's the jobs I'm looking to run", at which point Pipes takes over to determine how to partition them into their appropriate stages. Pipes will break these two jobs up as you would expect:

# Stage 1 (content_writers)
Writers::HTMLWriter

# Stage 2 (publishers)
Publishers::Rsyncer

You can also pass arguments to the jobs, just like Resque. In fact, any call to Resque.enqueue can be safely replaced with Pipes.enqueue, but the reverse is not true:

# If you currently have:
# Resque.enqueue(Writers::HTMLWriter, 'http://localhost:3000/page')
# ...you can replace it with:
Pipes.enqueue(Writers::HTMLWriter, 'http://localhost:3000/page')

In the above case, all jobs' .perform methods would receive the http://localhost:3000/page argument. You can, of course, pass multiple arguments:

module Writers
  class HTMLWriter
    @queue = :content_writers

    def self.perform(host = 'localhost', port = 3000)
      # ... fetch URL and save HTML ...
    end
  end
end

Pipes.enqueue(Writers::HTMLWriter, 'google.com', 80)

Pipes makes it easy to define dependencies between jobs.

Say you want the Publishers::Rsyncer to always run after Writers::HTMLWriter. You'll first want to modify your config:

Pipes.configure do |config|
  config.stages do
    content_writers [
      {Writers::HTMLWriter => Publishers::Rsyncer}
    ]

    publishers [
      Publishers::Rsyncer,
      Publishers::CDNUploader
    ]
  end
end

By converting the individual job into a Hash, you can specify that you want Publishers::Rsyncer to always run after Writers::HTMLWriter. You can also specify multiple dependencies:

Pipes.configure do |config|
  config.stages do
    content_writers [
      {Writers::HTMLWriter => [Publishers::Rsyncer, Publishers::CDNUploader]}
    ]

    publishers [
      Publishers::Rsyncer,
      Publishers::CDNUploader
    ]
  end
end

Defining arrays of dependencies is great, but if you're just reiterating all jobs in a particular stage, you can specify the stage instead:

Pipes.configure do |config|
  config.stages do
    content_writers [
      {Writers::HTMLWriter => :publishers}
    ]

    publishers [
      Publishers::Rsyncer,
      Publishers::CDNUploader
    ]
  end
end

If you need to specify multiple dependent stages, you can provide an array of symbols:

Pipes.configure do |config|
  config.stages do
    content_writers [
      {Writers::HTMLWriter => [:publishers, :notifiers]}
    ]

    publishers [
      Publishers::Rsyncer,
      Publishers::CDNUploader
    ]

    notifiers [
      Notifiers::FileActivator
    ]
  end
end

Pipes will also resolve deep dependencies:

Pipes.configure do |config|
  config.stages do
    content_writers [
      {Writers::HTMLWriter => :publishers}
    ]

    publishers [
      {Publishers::Rsyncer => Notifiers::FileActivator},
      Publishers::CDNUploader
    ]

    notifiers [
      Notifiers::FileActivator
    ]
  end
end

In the above example, Notifiers::FileActivator will also be a dependency of Writers::HTMLWriter because it's a dependency of one of Writers::HTMLWriters dependencies (:publishers).

Running jobs with dependencies is the same as before:

Pipes.enqueue(Writers::HTMLWriter, 'http://localhost:3000/page')

The above code will run Writers::HTMLWriter in Stage 1, Publishers::Rsyncer and Publishers::CDNUploader in Stage 2, and Notifiers::FileActivator in Stage 3, all receiving the `http://localhost:3000/page' argument.

Just as jobs can have dependencies, stages can as well.

Imagine you have multiple jobs in a given stage, all of which have the same dependencies:

Pipes.configure do |config|
  config.stages do
    content_writers [
      {Writers::HTMLWriter => :publishers},
      {Writers::AssetWriter => :publishers}
    ]

    publishers [
      Publishers::Rsyncer
    ]

    notifiers [
      Notifiers::FileActivator
    ]
  end
end

This isn't so DRY. You would be better off adding a stage dependency:

Pipes.configure do |config|
  config.stages do
    content_writers [
      Writers::HTMLWriter,
      Writers::AssetWriter
    ] => :publishers

    publishers [
      Publishers::Rsyncer
    ]

    notifiers [
      Notifiers::FileActivator
    ]
  end
end

This tells Pipes that you would like all jobs in the :content_writers stage to have a depencency on all :publishers.

You can intermix types for stage dependencies, just like with job dependencies:

Pipes.configure do |config|
  config.stages do
    content_writers [
      Writers::HTMLWriter,
      Writers::AssetWriter
    ] => [:publishers, Notifiers::FileActivator]

    publishers [
      Publishers::Rsyncer
    ]

    notifiers [
      Notifiers::FileActivator
    ]
  end
end

This will ensure that all :publishers and the Notifiers::FileActivator get run when either of the :content_writers are run.

As you would expect, Pipes will resolve deep dependencies for you as well:

Pipes.configure do |config|
  config.stages do
    content_writers [
      Writers::HTMLWriter,
      Writers::AssetWriter
    ] => :publishers

    publishers [
      Publishers::Rsyncer
    ] => :notifiers

    notifiers [
      Notifiers::FileActivator
    ]
  end
end

The above will add Publishers::Rsyncer and Notifiers::FileActivator as dependencies of both Writers::HTMLWriter and Writers::AssetWriter.

Intermixing job and stage dependencies works, too, resulting in the same dependency graph as the above example:

Pipes.configure do |config|
  config.stages do
    content_writers [
      Writers::HTMLWriter,
      Writers::AssetWriter
    ] => :publishers

    publishers [
      {Publishers::Rsyncer => :notifiers}
    ]

    notifiers [
      Notifiers::FileActivator
    ]
  end
end

Pipes allows you to specify your jobs in a variety of ways:

# A single job
Pipes.enqueue(Writers::HTMLWriter)

# A single job as a string. Might be helpful if accepting params from a form
Pipes.enqueue('Writers::HTMLWriter')

# An entire stage
Pipes.enqueue(:content_writers)

# You can pass an array of any of the above, intermixing types
Pipes.enqueue([:content_writers, 'Publishers::CDNUploader', Notifiers::FileActivator])

Pipes allows you to specify a variety of configuration options:

Pipes.configure do |config|
  # config.redis can be a string...
  config.redis = 'localhost:6379'
  # ...or a Redis connection (default $redis):
  config.redis = REDIS

  # config.namespace will specify a Redis namespace to use (default nil):
  config.namespace = 'my_project'

  # config.resolve tells Pipes to resolve dependencies when calling Pipes.enqueue(...) (default true):
  config.resolve = false

  config.stages do
    # ...
  end
end

If you're using Pipes in a Rails app, stick your configuration in config/initializers/pipes.rb.

You can pass a hash of options when enqueueing workers through Pipes.

resolve

By default, Pipes will resolve and queue up all dependencies of the jobs you are requesting. You can turn off dependency resolution by passing in some additional Pipes options as the third argument:

Pipes.enqueue(Writers::HTMLWriter, 'http://localhost:3000/page', {resolve: false})

When resolve is false, only Writers::HTMLWriter will be run, ignoring dependencies.

allow_duplicates

If jobs are already queued up in Pipes and you'd like to enqueue more jobs, you may need to specify that only certain jobs be duplicated in the queue.

Pipes.enqueue(Writers::HTMLWriter, 'http://localhost:3000/page', {allow_duplicates: :content_writers})
# ..or an array of stages..
Pipes.enqueue(Writers::HTMLWriter, 'http://localhost:3000/page', {allow_duplicates: [:content_writers, :publishers]})

When Pipes enqueues Writers::HTMLWriter and all its dependencies, it will check whether any jobs with the same class name already exist in the queue. If a job has already been queued up with the same class name and does not belong to one of the stages provided to allow_duplicates, it is ignored.

This option helps prevent adding redundant jobs to the queue. See the section Queueing Up Additional Jobs.

Pipes provides a Resque interface tab to help visualize and manage your queues.

Pipes is designed to work on top of Resque's already-existing queueing system. That is, the queue priorities Resque provides will continue to be honored.

Combining Resque's priority queues with Pipe's stages can produce fine-grain control over how your jobs get processed. By using the normal @queue instance variable, and specifying priorities when starting up your Resque workers, you can control the order in which jobs get processed for each individual stage.

Say we had the following jobs:

module Writers
  class HTMLWriter
    @queue = :priority_1

    def self.perform; end
  end
end

module Writers
  class AssetWriter
    @queue = :priority_2

    def self.perform; end
  end
end

Both Writer::HTMLWriter and Writer::AssetWriter are configured for the same stage:

Pipes.configure do |config|
  config.stages do
    content_writers [
      Writers::HTMLWriter,
      Writers::AssetWriter
    ]
  end
end

Start up Resque with the usual priority list:

$ QUEUES=priority_1,priority_2 rake resque:work

Run the jobs through Pipes:

Pipes.enqueue(:content_writers)

Pipes will queue up both Writer::HTMLWriter and Writer::AssetWriter in Resque. Resque takes over and respects the queue priorities, first running Writers::HTMLWriter, then Writers::AssetWriter.

Say you have a job, Writers::HTMLWriter, whose purpose is to fire off additional jobs to accomplish the real work. This is actual the case for us at Factory Labs. Our HTMLWriter fires off additional jobs who do the heavy lifting of parsing page contents, and writing to a file.

Our HTMLWriter fires off additional writers:

module Writers
  class HTMLWriter
    @queue = :content_writers

    def self.perform(locale)
      Pages.all.each do |page|
        # Enqueue additional jobs to do the real work
        Pipes.enqueue(Writers::PageWriter, page.id, locale, {allow_duplicates: [:content_writers]})
      end
    end
  end

  class PageWriter
    @queue = :content_writers

    def self.perform(page_id, locale)
      # We would normally do stuff with the locale...
      url     = page_url(Page.find(page_id))
      content = URI.parse(url).read

      File.new('index.html', 'w') do |f|
        f.write(content)
      end
    end
  end
end

Both jobs are configured for the same stage, with a dependency on :publishers:

Pipes.configure do |config|
  config.stages do
    content_writers [
      {Writers::HTMLWriter => :publishers},
      {Writers::PageWriter => :publishers}
    ]

    publishers [
      Publishers::Rsyncer
    ]
  end
end

We fire off just the HTMLWriter:

Pipes.enqueue(Writer::HTMLWriter, 'en-US')

Pipes queues up the Writer::HTMLWriter and its dependent, Publishers::Rsyncer. So, our queue looks like this:

# Stage 1 (content_writers)
Writers::HTMLWriter.perform('en-US')

# Stage 2 (publishers)
Publishers::Rsyncer.perform('en-US')

After processing the first job, HTMLWriter, the Pipes queue looks like this:

# Stage 1 (content_writers)
Writers::PageWriter.perform(1, 'en-US')
Writers::PageWriter.perform(2, 'en-US')
Writers::PageWriter.perform(3, 'en-US')
...

# Stage 2 (publishers)
Publishers::Rsyncer.perform('en-US')

Pipes will ensure your stages stay intact when enqueueing additional jobs mid-pipe. That is, Stage 2 jobs are still queued after additional jobs have been added to Stage 1. This applies to jobs added to any stages. You can continue to add jobs to any stage while Pipes is working.

The allow_duplicates option

By default, Pipes will check for exact duplicate jobs in the queue (eg Writer::HTMLWriter with argument en-US). If we don't provide the allow_duplicates option within the HTMLWriter's #perform method, the Pipes queue would look like this:

# Stage 1 (content_writers)
(DONE) Writers::HTMLWriter.perform('en-US')
Writers::PageWriter.perform(1, 'en-US')
Writers::PageWriter.perform(2, 'en-US')
Writers::PageWriter.perform(3, 'en-US')
...

# Stage 2 (publishers)
Publishers::Rsyncer.perform('en-US')
Publishers::Rsyncer.perform(1, 'en-US')
Publishers::Rsyncer.perform(2, 'en-US')
Publishers::Rsyncer.perform(3, 'en-US')

We only want to run rsync once, so this is incorrect. To prevent this from happening, we indicate that we only want duplicate :content_writers to the allow_duplicates option.

By telling Pipes that we want to only allow duplicate :content_writers, we prevent duplicate Rsyncers from being queued up, even though PageWriter has a Rsyncer dependency. allow_duplicates will force Pipes to check whether the Rsyncer class already exists in the queue (ignoring job arguments), and if so, skips that job.

Pipes makes use of Ruby 1.9's ordered hashes. No deliberate support for Ruby 1.8.

If your job is expecting a hash as the last argument, you'll need to pass an additional hash so pipes won't think your final argument is the options:

# Pipes will assume {follow_links: true} is options for Pipes, not your job:
Pipes.enqueue([Writers::HTMLWriter], {follow_links: true})

# So you should pass a trailing hash to denote that there are no Pipes options:
Pipes.enqueue([Writers::HTMLWriter], {follow_links: true}, {})

# Of course, if you do specify options for Pipes, everything will work fine:
Pipes.enqueue([Writers::HTMLWriter], {follow_links: true}, {resolve: true})

Until Resque 2.0 is released, Pipes could be cloggering your before_fork hook. Resque only allows one before_fork hook and Pipes defines one. In Resque 2.0, you can define multiple hooks. If you don't define your own before_fork hook, you'll be fine.

• Better atomicity
• Represent jobs and stages as objects, instead of simple data structures
• Support for runaway workers/jobs

Pipes is maintained by Factory Code Labs.

Pipes is Copyright © 2012 Factory Code Labs. It is free software, and may be redistributed under the terms specified in the MIT-LICENSE file.