Schema

Primitives for schema and data structure

Example

class SomeClass
  include Schema

  attribute :name, String
  attribute :amount, Numeric
end

some_object = SomeClass.new

some_object.name = 'Some Name'
some_object.amount = 11

some_object.inspect
# => #<SomeClass:0x00555710f467c8 @name="Some Name", @amount=11>

some_object.to_h
# => {:name=>"Some Name", :amount=>11}

Type-Checked Attributes

Attributes that are declared with a data type can only accept values of that type. When values are assigned that are not of that type, a Schema::Attribute::TypeError error is raised.

class SomeClass
  include Schema

  attribute :name, String
  attribute :amount, Numeric
end

some_object = SomeClass.new

some_object.name = 'Some Name'
# => "Some Name"

some_object.amount = 123
# => 123

some_object.amount = 'foo'
# => Schema::Attribute::TypeError

Optional Type Checking

Type checking for attributes is optional. If an attribute's type is not declared, then a value of any type can be assigned to the attribute.

class SomeClass
  include Schema

  attribute :name
end

some_object = SomeClass.new

some_object.name = 'Some Name'
# => "Some Name"

some_object.name = 123
# => 123

Specialized Type Checking

Type checking is done with Object#is_a?, but it can be specialized for types by implementing a TypeCheck module with a call method that returns a boolean. The check should return true if the value satisfies the type check. Otherwise, it should return false.

module PositiveNumber
  module TypeCheck
    def self.call(type, val)
      return true if val.nil?
      return false unless val.is_a?(Numeric)

      val > 0
    end
  end
end

class SomeClass
  include Schema

  attribute :amount, PositiveNumber
end

some_object = SomeClass.new

some_object.amount = 123
# => 123

some_object.amount = -1
# => Schema::Attribute::Error

Boolean Type

Ruby does not have an explicit boolean data type. The false and true values in Ruby are instances of FalseClass and TrueClass, respectively. This makes it quite difficult to declare a boolean attribute that is type-checked without adding branching logic that checks whether the value's class is FalseClass or TrueClass.

Importing the Schema namespace into a class makes a Boolean data type available. Declaring an attribute as Boolean will ensure that its value can only be false, true, or nil.

class SomeClass
  include Schema

  attribute :active, Boolean
end

some_object = SomeClass.new

some_object.active = true
# => true

some_object.active = false
# => false

some_object.active = 'foo'
# => Schema::Attribute::TypeError

Default Values

Attribute values are nil by default. An attribute declaration can specify a default value using the optional default argument. To specify a default value to an attribute, it is assigned a Proc.

class Planet
  include Schema

  attribute :name, String, default: -> { 'Earth' }
  attribute :age, Numeric, default: -> { 4_500_000_000 }
  attribute :description, String
end

some_object = Planet.new

some_object.name
# => "Earth"

some_object.age
# => 4500000000

some_object.description
# => nil

Default values can also be specified for attributes without that are not declared with types:

class SomeClass
  include Schema

  attribute :something, default: -> { Object.new }
end

NOTE: An attribute's default value is not type-checked when the class that they are members of is initialized. They are checked when the attribute is accessed.

class SomeClass
  include Schema

  attribute :age, Numeric, default: -> { 'Some Name' }
end

some_object = SomeClass.new

some_object.age
# => Schema::Attribute::TypeError

Schema::DataStructure

The DataStructure module is a specialization of Schema that augments the receiver with operations that are useful when implementing typical applicative code.

When Schema::DataStructure is included in a class, the class method build is defined on the class.

The build method allows the class to be constructed from a hash of values whose keys correspond to the object's attribute names.

class SomeClass
  include Schema::DataStructure

  attribute :name, String
  attribute :amount, Numeric
end

data = { name: 'Some Name', amount: 11 }

some_object = SomeClass.build(data)

puts some_object.inspect
# => #<SomeClass:0x00555710f467c8 @name="Some Name", @amount=11>

Attribute Name Reflection

Attribute names can be retrieved from a schema class.

class SomeClass
  include Schema

  attribute :name, String
  attribute :amount, Numeric
  attribute :active, Boolean
end

SomeClass.attribute_names
# => [:name, :amount, :active]

Transient Attributes

Transient attributes offer a way to exclude attributes and their values from the hash representation of a schema object.

class SomeClass
  include Schema

  attribute :name, String
  attribute :amount, Numeric
  attribute :active, Boolean

  def self.transient_attributes
    [:active]
  end
end

SomeClass.attribute_names
# => [:name, :amount]

some_object = SomeClass.new

some_object.name = 'Some Name'
some_object.amount = 11
some_object.active = true

some_object.to_h
# => {name: "Some Name", amount: 11}

Including the Transient Attributes

The full list of attribute names, including the transient attribute names, can still be accessed via the attribute_names class method by passing the include_transient keyword argument.

SomeClass.attribute_names(include_transient: true)
# => [:name, :amount, :active]

The all_attribute_names method is a convenient shortcut for accessing the full list of attribute names.

SomeClass.all_attribute_names
# => [:name, :amount]

Converting to a Hash

A schema object can be converted to a hash using either the to_h method or the attributes method.

The to_h method delegates to the attributes method, but the attributes method provides additional options.

class SomeClass
  include Schema

  attribute :name, String
  attribute :amount, Numeric
end

some_object = SomeClass.new

some_object.name = 'Some Name'
some_object.amount = 11

some_object.attributes
# => {name: "Some Name", amount: 11}

some_object.to_h
# => {name: "Some Name", amount: 11}

Including the Transient Attributes

As with the list of attribute names, the hash representation of a schema object does not include the attributes that have been excluded via the transiant_attributes class method.

However, the full hash of attribute values, including the transient attributes, can still be accessed via the attributes method by passing the include_transient keyword argument.

class SomeClass
  include Schema

  attribute :name, String
  attribute :amount, Numeric
  attribute :active, Boolean

  def self.transient_attributes
    [:active]
  end
end

some_object = SomeClass.new

some_object.name = 'Some Name'
some_object.amount = 11
some_object.active = true

some_object.attributes
# => {name: "Some Name", amount: 11}

some_object.attributes(include_transient: true)
# => {name: "Some Name", amount: 11, active: true}

The all_attributes method is a convenient shortcut for accessing the full hash of attributes.

some_object.all_attributes
# => {name: "Some Name", amount: 11, active: true}

Note: The include_transient keyword argument cannot be passed to the to_h method, and the result of the to_h method never includes any transient attributes.

Intercepting and Modifying Input and Output Data

By default, a data structure whose attributes are primitive values like strings, numbers, or booleans can be converted to hash data implicitly without any additional implementation.

A message that has nested objects that aren't just primitive values requires specific instructions for transforming those custom types to and from hash data.

Input Data

A Schema::DataStructure that implements the transform_read(data) method can intercept the input data that the class is constructed with. The data can be modified and customized by this method, and the object's attributes can be manipulated.

Note that the read stage of construction of a data structure from hash data happens before the input hash's attributes are assigned to the object.

To affect changes to the input data, the transform_read method implementation must directly modify the hash data that the method receives as an argument.

class Address
  include Schema::DataStructure

  attribute :city, String
  attribute :state, String
end

class SomeClass
  include Schema::DataStructure

  attribute :name, String
  attribute :address, Address

  def transform_read(data)
    address = Address.build(data[:address])
    data[:address] = address
  end
end

The transform_read method is also aliased to transform_in.

Output Data

A Schema::DataStructure that implements the transform_write(data) method can intercept the output data that the object outputs when either to_h or attributes is invoked. The data can be modified and customized by this method.

Note that the write stage of converting a data structure to a hash happens after the object's attributes have been converted to a hash but just before the hash data is returned to the receiver.

To affect changes to the output data, the transform_write method implementation must directly modify the hash data that the method receives as an argument. Changes made to the argument have no effect on the state of the data structure object itself.

class Address
  include Schema::DataStructure

  attribute :city, String
  attribute :state, String
end

class SomeClass
  include Schema::DataStructure

  attribute :name, String
  attribute :address, Address

  def transform_write(data)
    data[:address] = address.to_h
  end
end

The transform_write method is also aliased to transform_out.

Raw Attributes

The attributes or to_h methods will transform the data if the transform_write method is implemented, and will exclude transient attributes.

The raw_attributes method will return the raw, unmodified data

class SomeClass
  include Schema

  attribute :name, String
  attribute :amount, Numeric
  attribute :active, Boolean

  def self.transient_attributes
    [:active]
  end

  def transform_write(data)
    data[:name] = name.upcase
  end
end

SomeClass.attribute_names
# => [:name, :amount]

SomeClass.all_attribute_names
# => [:name, :amount, :active]

some_object = SomeClass.new

some_object.name = 'Some Name'
some_object.amount = 11
some_object.active = true

some_object.to_h
# => {name: "SOME NAME", amount: 11}

some_object.raw_attributes
# => {name: "Some Name", amount: 11, active: true}

Duplicate

Shallow Copy

A shallow copy duplicate of a Schema::DataStructure instance can be be created using the dup method.

class SomeClass
  include Schema

  attribute :name, String
end

some_object = SomeClass.new
some_object.name = 'original name'

duplicate = some_object.dup

some_object.object_id == duplicate.object_id
# => false

some_object.some_attribute == duplicate.some_attribute
# => true

some_object.name = 'some other name'

some_object.name
# => "some other name"

duplicate.name
# => "original name"

Deep Copy

The dup method doesn't create a deep copy by default. A duplicate of an instance of Schema::DataStructure whose attributes have references to instances of complex types rather than just simple primitives will share the references to those complex types with the original instance.

As with the transformation of attributes, deep copy behavior can be implemented by implementing the transform_read and transform_write methods in order to replace attribute values that are instances of complex types with entirely new instances.

Equality

Two instances of a schema can be compared using Ruby's common equality operator, ==, and the eql? method.

The == operator and the eql? method can be used interchangeably. They have identical implementations and signatures. The eql? method is an alias of the == operator.

eql?(other, attribute_names=[], ignore_class: false)

Returns

Boolean value indicating whether the schemas are equal or not

Alias

==

Note that the == alias can only be invoked with the first parameter

Parameters

Name	Description	Type	Default
other	The right-hand side object to compare to the left-hand side object	Schema
attribute_names	Optional list of attribute names to which equality evaluation is limited	Array of Symbol	Attribute names of left-hand side object
ignore_class	Optionally controls whether the classes of the objects are considered in the evaluation of equality	Boolean	false

Basic Equality

Two schema objects are equal if:

The objects are of the same class
The attributes of the left-hand side object are also present on the object of the right-hand side
The common attributes of the left-hand side and right-hand side objects have values that are equal

class SomeClass
  include Schema

  attribute :some_attribute, String
  attribute :some_other_attribute, String
end

some_object = SomeClass.new
some_object.some_attribute = 'some value'
some_object.some_other_attribute = 'some other value'

some_other_object = SomeClass.new
some_other_object.some_attribute = 'some value'
some_other_object.some_other_attribute = 'some other value'

some_object == some_other_object
# => true

some_object.eql?(some_other_object)
# => true

some_other_object.some_other_attribute = 'yet another value'

some_object.eql?(some_other_object)
# => false

some_object.eql?(some_other_object, [:some_attribute])
# => true

Equality Irrespective of Class Differences

Two schema objects are equal if:

The objects are either of the same class, or they're not
The attributes of the left-hand side object are also present on the object of the right-hand side
The common attributes of the left-hand side and right-hand side objects have values that are equal

class SomeOtherClass
  include Schema

  attribute :some_attribute, String
  attribute :some_other_attribute, String
end

some_other_object = SomeOtherClass.new
some_other_object.some_attribute = 'some value'
some_other_object.some_other_attribute = 'some other value'

some_object.eql?(some_other_object)
# => false

some_object.eql?(some_other_object, ignore_class: true)
# => true

some_other_object.some_other_attribute = 'yet another value'

some_object.eql?(some_other_object, ignore_class: true)
# => false

some_object.eql?(some_other_object, [:some_attribute], ignore_class: true)
# => true

Comparison and Difference

Two instances of schema objects can be compared and a comparison object is produced that illustrates which attributes have equal values and which do not.

Schema::Compare.(control, compare, attribute_names=[])

Returns

Instance of Schema::Compare::Comparison containing an entry for each attribute compared

Parameters

Name	Description	Type	Default
control	Baseline object for comparison	Schema
compare	Object to compare to the baseline	Schema
attribute_names	Optional list of attribute names to which comparison is limited	Array of Symbol or Hash	Attribute names of left-hand side object

class SomeClass
  include Schema

  attribute :some_attribute, String
  attribute :some_other_attribute, String
end

control = SomeClass.new
control.some_attribute = 'some value'
control.some_other_attribute = 'some other value'

compare = SomeClass.new
compare.some_attribute = 'some value'
compare.some_other_attribute = 'yet another value'

comparison = Schema::Compare.(control, compare)
#=> #<Schema::Compare::Comparison:0x...
 @compare_class=SomeClass,
 @control_class=SomeClass,
 @entries=
  [#<struct Schema::Compare::Comparison::Entry
    control_name=:some_attribute,
    control_value="some value",
    compare_name=:some_attribute,
    compare_value="some value">,
   #<struct Schema::Compare::Comparison::Entry
    control_name=:some_other_attribute,
    control_value="some other value",
    compare_name=:some_other_attribute,
    compare_value="yet another value">]>

comparison.different?
# => true

comparison.different?(:some_attribute)
# => false

comparison.different?(:some_other_attribute)
# => true


# Different classes, same attribute values

class SomeOtherClass
  include Schema

  attribute :some_attribute, String
  attribute :some_other_attribute, String
end

compare = SomeOtherClass.new
compare.some_attribute = 'some value'
compare.some_other_attribute = 'some other value'

comparison = Schema::Compare.(control, compare)
#=> #<Schema::Compare::Comparison:0x...
 @compare_class=SomeClass,
 @control_class=SomeOtherClass,
 @entries=
  [#<struct Schema::Compare::Comparison::Entry
    control_name=:some_attribute,
    control_value="some value",
    compare_name=:some_attribute,
    compare_value="some value">,
   #<struct Schema::Compare::Comparison::Entry
    control_name=:some_other_attribute,
    control_value="some other value",
    compare_name=:some_other_attribute,
    compare_value="some other value">]>

comparison.different?
# => true

comparison.different?(:some_attribute)
# => false

comparison.different?(:some_other_attribute)
# => false

Limit the Attributes Compared

The comparison can be limited to a subset of the schema objects' attributes.

compare = SomeClass.new
compare.some_attribute = 'some value'
compare.some_other_attribute = 'yet another value'

comparison = Schema::Compare.(control, compare, [:some_attribute])
#=> #<Schema::Compare::Comparison:0x...
 @compare_class=SomeClass,
 @control_class=SomeClass,
 @entries=
  [#<struct Schema::Compare::Comparison::Entry
    control_name=:some_attribute,
    control_value="some value",
    compare_name=:some_attribute,
    compare_value="some value">]>

comparison.different?
# => false

comparison.different?(:some_attribute)
# => false

comparison.different?(:some_other_attribute)
# => No attribute difference entry (Attribute Name: :some_other_attribute) (Schema::Compare::Comparison::Error)

comparison = Schema::Compare.(control, compare, [:some_other_attribute])
#=> #<Schema::Compare::Comparison:0x...
 @compare_class=SomeClass,
 @control_class=SomeClass,
 @entries=
  [#<struct Schema::Compare::Comparison::Entry
    control_name=:some_other_attribute,
    control_value="some other value",
    compare_name=:some_other_attribute,
    compare_value="yet another value">]>

comparison.different?
# => true

comparison.different?(:some_other_attribute)
# => true

comparison.different?(:some_attribute)
# => No attribute difference entry (Attribute Name: :some_attribute) (Schema::Compare::Comparison::Error)

Mapped Attributes

The list of limited attributes used for a comparison can also account for mapping different attribute names.

compare = SomeClass.new
compare.some_attribute = 'some value'
compare.some_other_attribute = 'some other value'

class SomeOtherClass
  include Schema

  attribute :some_attribute, String
  attribute :yet_another_attribute, String
end

compare = SomeOtherClass.new
compare.some_attribute = 'some value'
compare.yet_another_attribute = 'some other value'

map = [
  :some_attribute,
  { :some_other_attribute => :yet_another_attribute }
]

comparison = Schema::Compare.(control, compare, map)
#=> #<Schema::Compare::Comparison:0x...
 @compare_class=SomeOtherClass,
 @control_class=SomeClass,
 @entries=
  [#<struct Schema::Compare::Comparison::Entry
    control_name=:some_attribute,
    control_value="some value",
    compare_name=:some_attribute,
    compare_value="some value">,
  #<struct Schema::Compare::Comparison::Entry
    control_name=:some_other_attribute,
    control_value="some other value",
    compare_name=:yet_another_attribute,
    compare_value="some other value">]>

  ]>

comparison.different?
# => false

comparison.different?(:some_attribute)
# => false

comparison.different?(:some_other_attribute)
# => false


compare.yet_another_attribute = 'yet another value'

comparison = Schema::Compare.(control, compare, map)
#=> #<Schema::Compare::Comparison:0x...
 @compare_class=SomeOtherClass,
 @control_class=SomeClass,
 @entries=
  [#<struct Schema::Compare::Comparison::Entry
    control_name=:some_attribute,
    control_value="some value",
    compare_name=:some_attribute,
    compare_value="some value">,
  #<struct Schema::Compare::Comparison::Entry
    control_name=:some_other_attribute,
    control_value="some other value",
    compare_name=:yet_another_attribute,
    compare_value="yet another value">]>

  ]>

comparison.different?
# => true

comparison.different?(:some_attribute)
# => false

comparison.different?(:some_other_attribute)
# => true

License

The schema library is released under the MIT License.

evt-schema

Development

Runtime

Schema

Example

Type-Checked Attributes

Optional Type Checking

Specialized Type Checking

Boolean Type

Default Values

Schema::DataStructure

Attribute Name Reflection

Transient Attributes

Including the Transient Attributes

Converting to a Hash

Including the Transient Attributes

Intercepting and Modifying Input and Output Data

Input Data

Output Data

Raw Attributes

Duplicate

Shallow Copy

Deep Copy

Equality

Basic Equality

Equality Irrespective of Class Differences

Comparison and Difference

Limit the Attributes Compared

Mapped Attributes

License